Practical Guige to Free Energy Devices

plasma generation and collapse introduced by the discontinuous sequencing of the auto-electronic emission
process. Accordingly, the intermittent presence of the abnormal glow, as well as the observed segregation of the
current flows, are due to the diachronic operation of these spontaneous cathode emission foci. The micro-crater
and videographic analyses of the PAGD have demonstrated the presence of an emission jet at the origin of each
pulse, a phenomenon which VAD theory and experiment has also identified. Metallic jets originating at the
cathode spots of VADs have been known to present velocities up to, and greater than 1000 m/sec.
In light of the above, the energy graft phenomenon we have isolated would have to be operated, at the microevent
scale, by the interactions of the cathode emission jet with the vortex-formed impulse-transducing plasma in
the inter-electrode space. Several aspects can be approached in terms of the complex series of events that
constitute a complete cycle of operation, on a micro-scale. There are interactions within the cathode, interactions
at the cathode surface, interactions between the emission jet and the plasma globule close to the cathode, and
finally, interactions of the resulting electron and ion distributions in the inter-electrode plasma, within parallel
boundaries.
In general, in the presence of an electrical field, the distribution of potential near the cathode forms a potential
barrier to the flow of electronic charge, as this barrier is defined by the energy that the most energetic electrons
within the metal (the Fermi energy electrons) must acquire before freeing themselves from the cathode surface
potential, to originate an emission jet. Before any free electrons become available for conduction in the space
adjoining the cathode, they must cross the boundary posed by the potential barrier. With a weak applied field,
classical electron emission from a metal can only occur if an energy practically equal to the work-function of the
metal is imparted in addition to the Fermi energy. Under thermionic conditions of emission, the heating of the
cathode provides the needed energy input. However, the cold-cathode Fowler-Nordheim quantum-field emission
theory predicted the existence of a finite probability for an electron to tunnel through the potential barrier, when
the applied field is high. Cold-cathode electron emissions are thus possible, under these conditions, at practically
Fermi energy levels, as the high field would catalyse the tunnelling through the potential barrier by narrowing the
barrier width for the Fermi energy electrons. The exact localisation of the emission would then depend on the
randomised fluctuations of high fields at the cathode, which were produced by positive space charges sweeping in
proximity to it.
For most purposes, this theory has been the working hypothesis of the last 60 years of field emission studies,
which have centred upon the VAD mechanism, despite the fact that observed field gradients are evidently
inadequate to explain breakdown as a function of the theoretical high field mechanism. The Fowler-Nordheim
theory has therefore suffered major revisions and additions, mostly to account for the fact that it postulates, as a
condition for cold-cathode field emission in large area electrodes, the presence of enormous fields (>10 9 V/m) and
extremely low work functions, neither of which are borne out by experimental VAD investigations. Some
researchers have found that the breakdown responsible for the VAD field emission is promoted by Joule heating
and vaporisation of microscopic emitter tips, and that this requires a critical current density (10 12 A/cm 2 ), while
others emphasised that this explanation and these thresholds did not hold for large area emitters and that a space
charge effect of concentrating the ion distribution near the cathode promoted breakdown under these
circumstances, when the field reached a critical value; large field enhancement factors (more than a thousandfold)
have been postulated to explain the discrepancy between theoretical predictions and experimental findings
regarding the critical breakdown field values, and others have demonstrated how this critical field value effectively
varies with work-function and electrode conditioning.
The PAGD regime and its self-extinguishing auto-electronic emission mechanism stands as an exception to the
high field emission theory as it currently stands with all its modifications, especially given that in this phenomenon
we are confronted with a cathode emission that spontaneously occurs across the large gaps in large plate area
pulse generators, at very low field values (down to