Practical Guige to Free Energy Devices

Typically the generation of bubbles forms a bubble sheath around one electrode. The bubble sheath may have a
thickness of anything from a few nanometres to say, 50 millimetres. Typically the bubble sheath may have a
thickness of 1 mm to 5 mm. Further, it should be understood that the bubbles may not be homogeneous
throughout the sheath.
Gas or vapour formed external to the container may be pumped or blown into the aqueous medium near the
cathode.
Thus the composition of the plasma that is generated within the bubbles may be tailored to suit the application to
which the plasma is being put and the bubbles may either be generated within the liquid from components within
the liquid or introduced into the liquid from outside the containment means.
The bubbles can assume various sizes and shapes including a sheet form air gap or air pocket covering
shrouding the electrodes or spread across the liquid medium in micro bubbles.
Liquid foam may also be considered to be bubbles or gas chambers for the purposes of the present invention.
This is a highly concentrated dispersion of gas within a continuous interconnecting thin film of liquid. The gas
volume can reach up to 80% of a contained area. Gas generated within or introduced to the reactor externally
can also be encapsulated within a foaming agent to enable it to undergo plasma discharge treatment.
Gases trapped inside a thick liquid mist in a confined space are also considered to be gas containing bubbles,
which contain the gases, and liquid vapours that provide the condition for generation of non-thermal plasma. The
liquid may contribute one or more source materials for dissociation during the plasma discharge.
In practise, gas bubbles evolving near and shrouding an electrode in an electrolysis process create a dielectric
barrier which prevents and slows down the flow of current. At the same time the dissolved gas or micro bubbles
spread and diffuse in the liquid volume thereby creating a high percentage of void fractions (micro gas bubbles)
which in turn increase the electric resistance whereby the voltage across the liquid medium is raised. When the
voltage has increased sufficiently, gas trapped inside the bubbles undergoes non-equilibrium plasma
transformation. At this point, di-electric breakdown occurs enabling resumption of current flow through the
bubbles sheath or air pocket layer.
Any water molecules and atoms lining the gas and liquid interface of a bubble shell will also be subjected to the
influence of the plasma to produce H + and OH - and other radical species. Some of these neutralised atoms and
molecules will transpose into the gas bubbles as additional gas that increases the size of the bubble. As such the
bubbles pick up more liquid vapours before a next succession of plasma discharge. Such a cycle of such
repetitive discharge can take place in a fraction of a second to several seconds depending on the make up of the
electrode and reactor.
The step of generating bubbles within the aqueous medium may include adding a foaming agent to the aqueous
medium such that bubbles are formed within foam. The foam bubbles are confined by an aqueous medium that is
electrically conductive. The foam bubbles can vary widely in size down to a fraction of a millimetre.
The step of generating bubbles may include forming an aerosol mist. The gas within the aerosol mist broadly
defines bubbles in the sense that there are volumes of gas between liquid droplets. These bubbles in the form of
spaces between liquid drops function in a similar way to conventional bubbles within a liquid and a plasma is
formed in this gas in the same way as described above.
An advantage of foam and aerosol mist is that it provides for good mixing of gaseous components within the mist
and foam. The plasma is generated in the bubbles of the foam and aerosol mist in the same way that they are
formed in an aqueous liquid, e.g. by passing electrical current between spaced electrodes within the foam or mist.
The step of forming a glow discharge in the bubble region may be achieved by increasing the potential difference
across the electrodes above a certain threshold point.
The formation of a glow discharge and generation of plasma within the bubbles may be assisted by a pulsed or
steady power supply, a magnetron field, ultrasonic radiation, a hot filament capable of electron emission, laser
radiation, radio radiation or microwave radiation. The energy requirements may also be assisted by a
combination of any two or more of the above features. These factors may have the effect of lowering the energy
input required to reach the threshold potential difference at which glow discharge is formed.
In conventional electrochemical processes bubbles are regarded as undesirable. As a result concerted efforts are
made to avoid the generation of bubbles during the operation of electrochemical cells. By contrast the process of
the current invention deliberately fosters the formation of bubbles and utilises bubbles in proximity to the electrode
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