Practical Guige to Free Energy Devices

ate of degradation of the absolute value of total effective charge capacity, and limited efficiency in retaining
charge derived from discontinuous input pulses) than indicating the actual power output. There are a number of
possibilities for fine tuning of the system introduced by the present work, beginning with the utilisation of
secondary batteries or other charge shortage or absorption devices that have less variable or more easily
predictable actual charge capacity.
In this respect, there are two major shortcomings to the batteries used to form the drive and charge packs; (1)
their significant memory effect and (
2) their design for constant, rather than discontinuous, DC charging.
Recently developed Nickel Hydride batteries are an example of an electrostatic charge-storage system that lacks
a substantial charge memory effect, and their experimental batteries are being developed currently for higher
efficiency intermittent charging methods. Electrostatic charge retention systems having better energy densities,
better charge retentivities and insignificant memory effects will probably be more efficient at capturing and holding
the energy output by the circuit. In practical embodiments of the invention, effectiveness in charge utilisation will
be more important than measurability, and any device that will use the energy effectively whilst presenting an
appropriate back EMF to the system may be utilised.
The effect of the performance characteristics of the drive and charge packs is only one amongst many parameters
affecting operation of the invention. As shown by our extensive investigation of the diverse PAGD phenomenon
the recovery of energy from it by electromechanical transduction as in the “531” application, or electrostatic
capture as described above, the factors involved in modulating the frequency, amplitude and peak current
characteristics of the PAGD regime are complex. Manipulation of these factors can improve electrical energy
recovery, or reduce it or even suppress PAGD. We have so far noted numerous factors that affect PAGD
frequency and some amongst those that also affect the PAGD amplitude. Aside from these factors, the circuit
parameters of the output port portion of the circuit, in addition to the nature and chemical characteristics of the
battery cells already discussed, the charge potential of the charge pack, the characteristics of the rectifiers in the
recovery bridge in relation to the period of PAGD super-resonant frequencies, and the effective values of the
parallel and transversal capacitance bridges can all influence the results achieved. Certain factors however have
a radical effect on PAGD operation, such as the gap distance and the charge pack potential.
Too small a gap distance between the cold emitter (cathode) and the collector will result in an increasing
reduction in energy recovery. The potential presented by the charge pack must be less than the voltage
amplitude developed by the PAGD, as specified by a given gap distance at a given pressure. Too large a charge
pack size with respect to PAGD amplitude and the gap length will preclude PAGD production or result in
extremely low PAGD frequencies. In brief, the energy absorption rate and the counter potential presented by the
charge pack or other energy utilisation device are important factors in the operation of the circuit as a whole, and
should either be maintained reasonably constant, or changes should be compensated by changes in other
operating parameters (as is typical of most power supply circuits).
Since our test results indicate that the electrical power output of the circuit can be greater than the electrical
power input to the circuit, the circuit clearly draws on a further source of energy input. Whilst we do not wish to
be confined to any particular theory of operation, the following discussion may be helpful in explaining our
observations. These observations have been discussed in some detail so that the phenomenon observed can be
reproduced, even if the principles involved are not fully understood.
In the “863” and “531” applications we have identified a novel, cold-cathode regime of vacuum electrical
discharge, which we have termed the pulsed abnormal glow discharge (PAGD) regime. This regime, which
occupies the abnormal glow discharge region of the volt-ampere curve of suitable discharge tubes, has the
singular property of spontaneously pulsing the abnormal glow discharge in a fashion which is coming from the
tube and its circuit environment that constitutes a vacuum pulse generator device, when it is operated under the
conditions which we have identified. In fact, when stimulated with continuous direct current, in such conditions,
such a circuit responds with spontaneous abnormal glow discharge pulses that enable effective segregation of
input and output currents.
We have demonstrated electrically, metallographically, oscillographically and videographically, how the pulsed
discontinuity results from a self-limiting, auto-electronic cathode emission that results in repeated plasma
eruptions from the cathode under conditions of cathode saturated current input. The auto-electronic triggering of
the PAGD regime is thus akin to that of the high-field emission mechanism thought to be responsible for vacuum
arc discharges (VAD regime). However, under the PAGD conditions we have defined, this mechanism is found
to operate in the pre-VAD region at very low field and low input average direct current values, with very large
inter-electrode distances and in a self-limiting, repetitive fashion. In other words, the PAGD regime we have
identified has mixed characteristics: its current versus potential (abnormal glow) discharge curve is not only
distinct from that of a vacuum arc discharge, but the electrical cycle of the PAGD regime itself oscillates back and
forth within the potential and current limits of the abnormal glow discharge region, as a function of the alternate
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