Practical Guige to Free Energy Devices

as an essential feature of the invention. The bubble sheath surrounding the electrode is essential to establishing a
plasma region which then gives rise to the plasma deposition on the article.
Thus the plasma is formed within bubbles and the molecules and/or atoms that are ionised are surrounded by
liquid which effectively provides a containment structure within which the plasma is contained. The liquid in turn
generally opens to the atmosphere.
Plasma glow discharge can be fairly easily accomplished within the cell because the sheath of bubbles has the
effect of causing a substantial proportion of the voltage drop to occur across the bubble sheath. It is concentrated
in this area rather than a linear drop across the electrode space. This provides the driving force to generate
plasma glow discharge and from there deposition of the ionic species.
The electrical charge is preferably applied in pulses, since this enables plasma production at lower voltages.
The fluid is preferably a liquid electrolyte, for example an aqueous medium, whereby in one preferred
embodiment, the medium is water.
The electrolyte may comprise a carrier liquid and /or a source or precursor of the material to be ionised by the
plasma.
When the liquid is water, charged plasma particles include species such as OH radicals, O - and H + , -OH, O 2 and
O 3 , which will react with the surrounding liquid.
Distilled water is known to be dielectric and non-conductive. It is however when water contains impurities such as
dissolved minerals, salts and colloids of particles, whereby water becomes conductive, that ionisation and
electrolysis can occur.
The method may further include adding an additive, such as an acidic or alkaline conductivity enhancing agent, to
the aqueous medium to enhance this electrical conductivity such as organic salts or inorganic salts, e.g. KCl,
MgCl 2 , NaOH, Na 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , HCl.
The method may include adding a surfactant to the aqueous medium for lowering the surface tension of the
medium and enhancing the formation of bubbles, e.g. to stabilise bubble formation.
The electrolyte may further include additives in the form of catalysts for increasing the reaction of molecules
and/or atoms produced in the plasma, additives for assisting the formation of bubbles, and additives for buffering
the pH.
The method may further include cooling the electrolyte to remove excess heat generated by the plasma reaction
and regulating the concentration of one or more components within the electrolyte.
The cooling may comprise drawing electrolyte from the bath pumping it through a heat exchanger, and then
returning it to the bath.
Plasma creation, according to the present invention can be effected in the absence of extreme conditions, for
example plasma according to the present invention may be provide under atmospheric pressure and at room
temperature.
During plasma production according to the present invention, a shroud of bubbles preferably builds up and
smothers around at least one of the electrodes, whereby electrical charge builds up in the bubble shroud thereby
creating a dielectric barrier which impedes current flow, whereby electrical resistance in the fluid medium builds
up so that voltage through the medium is raised to a degree such that gas within the bubbles is excited to an
energy level at which a plasma is produced.
The method according to the present invention preferably comprises the further step of exposing the plasma to a
material, which on contact with the plasma undergoes a chemical and/or physical change.
For example the plasma can be used to cause dissociation of toxic compounds and then break down the
compounds and/or cause them to undergo reactions leading to innocuous reaction products.
The plasma produced according to the present invention, which will be referred to as 'under-liquid' plasma has the
same physical and chemical properties as plasma produced according to known methods and accordingly also
has the utility of such plasma.
A - 767