World Energy Outlook 2007

35
Figure 18.8: India's Energy Savings in Industry and Shares of Savings
by Sub-Sector in 2030 in the Alternative Policy Scenario
30
25
Non-specified
industry
Iron and steel
Mtoe
20
15
10
5
0
–5
Non-metallic,
food and paper
Chemicals
Coal Oil Gas Electricity Biomass Other
renewables
Box 18.3: Energy Savings in Cement Production
In the Reference Scenario, cement production increases to 600 Mt in 2030
with a clinker/cement ratio of 0.83. Fuel use is assumed to average
3.5 gigajoules (GJ) per tonne of clinker and electricity use amounts to
110 kWh per tonne of cement produced. In the Alternative Policy Scenario,
fuel use drops to 3.3 GJ/tonne of clinker and 100 kWh/tonne of cement,
while the clinker/cement ratio declines to 0.7. As a result, coal use in cement
production declines by 17%. The electricity savings amount to 9%.
The key factor in these savings is the reduced clinker/cement ratio. A reduction
on the scale assumed here is only possible if most fly ash from coal-fired power
plants is used, together with other new clinker substitutes such as steel slag. Today
only part of the fly ash is of sufficient quality to be used. If the carbon content of
the remaining fly ash can be reduced, all fly ash can be used in cement, as against
the less-than-half assumed in the Reference Scenario. Other materials, such as
steel slag, are also assumed to be used in the Alternative Policy Scenario.
Reburning or electrostatic separation methods can be used to reduce their carbon
content. Both methods are new and not yet widely applied worldwide.
Fuel use can be reduced by eliminating small-scale vertical kilns. However,
this would involve transporting cement longer distances, as these kilns have
been developed for smaller local limestone deposits where large-scale rotary
kilns are not suitable. Another measure that is widely applied in Japan and
China is power generation from clinker kiln waste heat. This option is not
yet applied in India. This technology is attractive as it reduces the reliance
on power from the grid. It can save 10 to 20 kWh/tonne of clinker.
18
Chapter 18 - Alternative Policy Scenario Projections 547