CORRUPTION Syndromes of Corruption

Table 3.1: Projected syndromes of corruption
Participation Institutions
Syndrome
Political opportunities Economic opportunities State/society capacity Economic institutions
Influence Markets Mature democracies
Liberalized; steady competition
and participation
Elite Cartels Consolidating/reforming
democracies
Liberalized; growing
competition and
participation
Oligarchs and Clans Transitional regimes
Recent major liberalization;
significant but poorly
structured competition
Official Moguls Undemocratic
Little liberalization or openness
Mature markets
Liberalized, open; steady
competition; affluent
Reforming markets
Largely liberalized and open;
growing competition;
moderately affluent
New markets
Recent major liberalization;
extensive inequality and
poverty
New markets
Recent major liberalization;
extensive inequality and
poverty
Extensive Strong
Moderate Medium
Weak Weak
Weak Weak