CORRUPTION Syndromes of Corruption

258 Index
bribery 10, 24
in American politics 68–69, 72
China 159, 164
in corruption indices 215
Germany 76
Italy 95, 97, 98
Japan 79
Russia 125
simplistic view of corruption as 1, 6, 18,
19–20
Buckley v. Valeo (1976) (US) 65, 67
business interests
influence of 71, 203
see also international corporations
Bustamante, Albert, US congressman 68
Calvi, Roberto 97
Canada 33
capital flight, Russia 134, 136
Cá rdenas, Cuauhté moc 147
Catholic Church
Mexico 147
Philippines 138
Central Europe
democratization 31
post-communist democracies 41
Chen Xitong, mayor of Beijing 164
Chernomyrdin, Viktor, Russian
oligarch 126
Chiesa, Mario 99
Chile 14, 33, 41, 43
China 9, 14, 41, 159–169
anti-corruption strategy (under
communism) 160
Central Discipline Inspection
Commission 168
changing values 162–163
Cultural Revolution 163
economic growth (from 1978) 160–162
governability in question 166
institutions 168
IOU crisis (1992) 165
judiciary 161, 167
moguls 163–166
National People’s Congress 168
nature of corruption in 163, 183
Official Mogul corruption 48, 156, 158,
159–169
party officials 161, 163, 164
People’s Republic 159
prosecutions for corruption 162, 168
prospects for reform 167–169, 184
relations between state and market 31,
160–162
weakness of party-state 165, 166–167
Chun Doo Hwan, president of South Korea
105, 108, 113
civil liberties
in Official Mogul countries 212
in Oligarch and Clan reforms 208
civil society 6, 30, 187
in Elite Cartel countries 89, 204, 205
and Official Mogul corruption 46, 169,
184, 212
Oligarch and Clan countries 121, 207
in reform models 196, 212
and social trust 38
Clay, Henry 64
clientelism 190
Italy 94, 95, 102
Cold War, and perception of corruption 5
Colosio, Luis Donaldo 150
competition
economic 7, 28
and pace of reform 205, 206
see also political competition
conditionality
for donor aid 212
in reform measures 210
Conjuangco, Eduardo, Philippines 141
corruption 1, 5, 16, 186
categories of 9, 38–41
consensus worldview of 16–23, 191,
219–220
costs of 24–25, 26–28, 162, 186
definitions 10–12, 17
and development 2, 5, 17, 23–24,
32–35, 47
experience of 31–32
measurement of 17, 18, 194, 215
patterns of 36, 37–48
perception ratings 215
possible benefits of 23–24
and process of change 192, 194
and public trust 73
reporting 197, 208
restraints on 21, 155
as symptom of imbalances 9, 31
systemic 11, 12–13, 153
see also anti-corruption measures; bribery;
corruption, analytical approaches;
corruption syndromes; reform
corruption, analytical approaches 4, 16
comparative research 191–192
corruption-index scores 186, 215, 216
cross-section 4, 191
descriptive 4
K-means cluster 34, 49–58, 51, 188, 193,
221–224
perception-based 192, 194