CORRUPTION Syndromes of Corruption

264 Index
Oligarch and Clan corruption (cont.)
Russia 124–136
statistical indicators 54, 123
and weakness of states 152–154, 183, 207
see also developing countries
Organization of American States 14
organized crime 44
Japan 80
Mexico 120
Russia 129–130, 132, 136
southern Italy 94, 97, 100
Ouko, Robert, Kenyan Foreign
Minister 171
Paraguay, Elite Cartel corruption 204
Park Chung Hee, president of South Korea
105, 106, 107
Park Tongsun 108
participation
in democratic development 7, 13
and incidence of corruption 22
in Influence Markets 200
and institutions 38, 39, 86, 187, 198
need for structure in 7, 9
political, Polity IV dataset 50
see also civil society
paternalism, of Botswana elite 116, 117
patrimonialism 190
patronage 21, 29
Indonesia 178
Mexico 31, 145–147, 148–149, 150, 151
perestroika 132
Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) 147,
149, 150
‘‘petty corruption’’ 28
Philippine Commonwealth 139
Philippines 41, 139, 207
anti-corruption measures 143
Catholic Church in 138
crony capitalism in 140–142
democratization 31, 137
economic liberalization 122
financial costs of corruption 141, 143
Marcos regime 139–142
nature of oligarchies in 137–138
Oligarch and Clan corruption in 46,
136–144
oligarchs 120, 137
origins of oligarchies 138–139
People Power revolution (1986) 137,
140, 142
scandals 143
weakness of central authority 138
weakness of state institutions 138
Poland 14, 43
police corruption 31, 38, 188, 200
Mexico 146, 150
Russia 129, 130
Political Action Committees (PACs) (US)
65, 69
political competition 18, 21, 28, 30–31, 42
and Elite Cartel corruption 89, 204
Germany 74
in Influence Markets 86, 200, 201
Japan 84
in Korea 111
risks of in Oligarch and Clan countries 210
in US 72, 73
see also elections; political parties
political liberalization
and intensified corruption 184
Mexico 122
prospects for in China 168
role of institutions 6
see also democratization
political oppositions 29
Kenya 171, 175
Mexico 147
and Official Mogul corruption 158
and Oligarch and Clan corruption 45
political parties
in Elite Cartel countries 89, 205
new and independent 70
political party funding 31, 60, 201
blind trust 202
in Germany 75, 200
illicit (Mexico) 146
matching-funds 202
in United States 63–73, 201
political policy, Influence Market
corruption and 60
political power 21, 155
and economic power 90
personal 46
politicians
business (Italy) 96, 98
corrupt 24
incumbents favored by US funding
system 66–67, 69–72
as Official Moguls 155
politics
dominated by markets 1, 219
federal 30
and patronage 29
and perception of corruption 29, 200, 201
and reform 185
role in development 19
Posadas, Cardinal Juan Jesús 150
Potanin, Vladimir, Russian oligarch 126,
127–128