CORRUPTION Syndromes of Corruption

Index 259
typology and data 192–193
see also statistical indicators
Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)
(Transparency International) 20,
32–35, 55
corruption syndromes 4, 40, 187, 188–191
case studies 59, 188
contrasts between 189–190, 193–195
contrasts within 190–191
regional variations 189
shifts between 215
see also Elite Cartel; Influence Market;
Official Mogul; Oligarch and Clan
Craxi, Bettino 98
crime see organized crime
cultural variation 18, 191–192
in Influence Market corruption 87
nature of influence in Japan 78, 82
and perceptions of corruption 24
da Silva, Lula, President of Brazil 14
‘‘deep democratization’’ 3, 8
and reform 216–219
de la Madrid, Miguel, president of Mexico
145, 146, 149
democracy
in developing countries 1, 13
factors which sustain 22, 29, 217
origins of 22, 212
presumptions of equality in 8
and reform 3
see also political liberalization
democratic development
effect of corruption on 18, 182
participation in 7, 13
democratization
and continuing corruption 31
Japan 87
and Official Mogul corruption 212
Philippines 31, 137
South Korea 91, 103, 104, 113, 184
see also ‘‘deep democratization’’; political
liberalization
Deng Xiaoping 160
Deripaska, Oleg, Russian oligarch 120,
126, 128
developing countries
democracy and instability 1, 13
as Group 3 countries 52, 57
Oligarch and Clan corruption in 44–46
see also advanced market democracies;
reforming democracies;
undemocratic regimes
development
balanced ideal of 7, 9, 199–200
and corruption 2, 5, 17, 23–24, 32–35, 47
Official Mogul corruption and 158
possible in Elite Cartels 204
see also democratic development
development indicators 55, 56
see also Human Development
Index (HDI)
Disini, Herminio 141
drug trafficking
international response to 148
Mexico 146, 147, 150
Du Jiansheng, Chinese bureaucrat 164
East Asia 31
Economic Freedom in the World (EFW)
index 50
economic growth
and corruption 31
effect of corruption on 18
and Elite Cartel corruption 90
Official Mogul corruption and 158
economic liberalization 16
incomplete 6, 14, 19
and Official Mogul corruption 46, 47
Philippines 122
and role of state institutions 17, 219
see also markets
education 27
election campaigns
costs of Korean presidential 114
public funding for (US) 64–65, 66–67,
69–72
see also political parties
elections 7
Kenya 169, 184
to reward effective government 204, 206
see also political competition
electoral corruption 10, 21, 45
in Influence Market countries 63
Kenya 173
Mexico 146, 147, 148–149
payment to voters (Japan) 31
Elf-Aquitaine 76
Elite Cartel corruption 3, 43–44, 48,
89–90, 183
Botswana 91, 115–117, 204
case studies 90–93
in cluster analysis 222
compared with Oligarch and Clan
corruption 152
‘‘consensus package’’ reforms for 198,
205, 206
and development 204
Group 2 countries 52, 57
institutions and 189