CORRUPTION Syndromes of Corruption
CORRUPTION Syndromes of Corruption
CORRUPTION Syndromes of Corruption
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Index 261<br />
Guided Democracy (Sukarno) 177<br />
institutional reforms (2004) 177, 184<br />
international investors 177<br />
judicial corruption 180<br />
KKN grievances 181<br />
New Order regime (Suharto) 177,<br />
178–179<br />
Official Mogul corruption in 48, 156,<br />
159, 177–182<br />
political opposition 181<br />
post-Suharto disruption 181<br />
power <strong>of</strong> military 177, 178, 179, 180<br />
presidential monopoly corruption<br />
179, 180<br />
prospects for 181<br />
inefficiency<br />
in Oligarch and Clan countries 122<br />
rewarded by corruption 24, 26<br />
inequalities, and Elite Cartel corruption 89<br />
Influence Market corruption 3, 42–43,<br />
48, 189<br />
characteristics <strong>of</strong> 200<br />
in cluster analysis 221<br />
electoral corruption 63<br />
Germany 61–63, 74–77<br />
Group 1 countries 51<br />
and international money laundering 213<br />
Japan 43, 61–63, 77–85<br />
political consequences <strong>of</strong> 86<br />
political weaknesses 200–202<br />
reform strategy 198, 200–203<br />
statistical indicators 53, 62<br />
United States 61–63<br />
use <strong>of</strong> wealth for political power 60,<br />
86, 203<br />
see also advanced market democracies<br />
institution-building<br />
in Elite Cartel countries 205<br />
as whole-society process 184, 220<br />
institutions<br />
economic 41<br />
and Elite Cartel corruption 89, 118<br />
judicial (China) 161<br />
and Official Mogul corruption 155,<br />
158, 184<br />
Oligarch and Clan countries 121, 207<br />
and participation 38, 39, 86, 187, 198<br />
political 41<br />
qualitative analysis 50<br />
role in markets 9–10, 17<br />
role in political liberalization 6, 7, 37<br />
strong 39, 42<br />
and systemic corruption 12–13<br />
value <strong>of</strong> 2, 21, 37, 187, 195, 219<br />
weak 38, 41, 44<br />
international corporations 16<br />
and corruption in Kenya 170<br />
and Oligarch and Clan corruption 210<br />
and perception <strong>of</strong> corruption 5<br />
role in corruption 17, 203<br />
international influence 38<br />
in Official Mogul reforms 212<br />
in Oligarch and Clan countries 210<br />
investment<br />
effects <strong>of</strong> corruption on FDI 27, 122, 177<br />
see also banks and investment markets<br />
Italy 33, 98, 190<br />
1974 reforms 95, 97<br />
1992 elections 98<br />
1993 electoral reforms 99, 102, 204<br />
bureaucratic weakness 93, 94, 98<br />
Christian-Democrat hegemony 87, 93, 96<br />
Communist Party 94, 95, 101<br />
corruption 31, 87, 95<br />
democracy in 91<br />
Elite Cartel corruption 43, 44, 90, 93–102<br />
and EU economy 98, 99<br />
First Republic 93–94, 101<br />
future <strong>of</strong> corruption in 101–102<br />
lottizzazione (allocation <strong>of</strong> appointments)<br />
95, 100, 102<br />
mani pulite scandal 93, 96, 98–100<br />
parliamentary immunity to prosecution<br />
97, 99<br />
political parties (partitocrazia) 93, 94, 98,<br />
100–101, 204<br />
scandals 93, 96<br />
tangentopoli scandal 93, 96, 98–100<br />
Unione Petrolifera scandal 97<br />
Jackson, Andrew, US President 64<br />
Japan 31, 77, 87, 101<br />
1993 crisis 83–84<br />
bureaucracy-led industry (1941 system) 81<br />
electoral system 31, 81, 83, 201<br />
future <strong>of</strong> corruption in 85<br />
Influence Market corruption 43, 61–63,<br />
77–85, 87<br />
koenkai (local political networks) 81, 84<br />
kozo oshoku (structural corruption) 78<br />
Kuro Kiri (‘‘Black Mist’’) scandal 79<br />
LDP (Liberal Democrat Party) 77–80,<br />
83, 87<br />
modified one-party politics (1955<br />
system) 78, 80, 82<br />
police corruption 77<br />
political factions 77, 80, 84<br />
scale <strong>of</strong> corruption 78–80<br />
scandals 61, 77, 78–80, 84<br />
Shipbuilding scandal 78
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