International Review of Waste Management Policy - Department of ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

WASTE POLICIES – EXISTING FRAMEWORK AND SOME THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 1 International Review of Waste Policy: Annexes
Page 1: International Review of Waste Manag
Page 4 and 5: 29/09/09
Page 6 and 7: ii 32.0 Levy on Waste Paints - Inte
Page 8 and 9: Glossary of Acronyms iv 29/09/09 AB
Page 10 and 11: vi 29/09/09 MSW Municipal solid was
Page 14 and 15: 1.0 Waste Policies - a Review of th
Page 16 and 17: 4 29/09/09 5. The Commission shall
Page 18 and 19: 6 29/09/09 b) by by by the the the
Page 20 and 21: 1.3 Waste Prevention Policy - Links
Page 22 and 23: For each indicator decoupling was c
Page 24 and 25: 12 29/09/09 States shall take the n
Page 26 and 27: As regards the WFD 70% target for r
Page 28 and 29: The Joint Research Centre (JRC) of
Page 30 and 31: 1.4.1.1 Packaging and Packaging Was
Page 32 and 33: 1.4.1.3 Waste Electrical and Electr
Page 34 and 35: Member State implementation of the
Page 36 and 37: 24 29/09/09 may in no circumstances
Page 38 and 39: 26 29/09/09 2. Without prejudice to
Page 40 and 41: scrubbers for combustion sources or
Page 42 and 43: 30 � Put in place means to ensure
Page 44 and 45: 32 29/09/09 purposes (as with the r
Page 46 and 47: 34 b) In respect of both the status
Page 48 and 49: waste management services is not al
Page 50 and 51: Several policy instruments are avai
Page 52 and 53: 40 29/09/09 system. Another is Carp
Page 54 and 55: KEY INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES Ireland ha
Page 56 and 57: 3.0 Competition in the Market for W
Page 58 and 59: 46 29/09/09 Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Page 60 and 61: competition in the market, as in Ir
Page 62 and 63:
Table 3-1: Potential Market Failure
Page 64 and 65:
52 � In 2003 Dijkgraaf and Gradus
Page 66 and 67:
costs were 20-25 percent higher in
Page 68 and 69:
56 3. Successful collusion in the t
Page 70 and 71:
In these situations, it would be ap
Page 72 and 73:
certainty in respect of waste being
Page 74 and 75:
62 2. To have all local authorities
Page 76 and 77:
institutionalised unless matters ar
Page 78 and 79:
66 29/09/09 scope for inconsistency
Page 80 and 81:
It is widely suggested that the exi
Page 82 and 83:
disputes (and the time taken to res
Page 84 and 85:
72 � To ensure that where commerc
Page 86 and 87:
5.0 Governance Structures / Respons
Page 88 and 89:
76 29/09/09 So challenging did some
Page 90 and 91:
78 29/09/09 the period to 2013, has
Page 92 and 93:
Targets such as those in the NBWS s
Page 94 and 95:
authorities and private companies t
Page 96 and 97:
POLICIES FOR MUNICIPAL WASTE 84 29/
Page 98 and 99:
markets for recyclables and identif
Page 100 and 101:
the original or other purposes. It
Page 102 and 103:
6.3.1.1 Waste Prevention Specifical
Page 104 and 105:
To this end, the document envisaged
Page 106 and 107:
The EPA has published a new Prevent
Page 108 and 109:
6.3.3 Waste Management - Taking Sto
Page 110 and 111:
performance is to be radically impr
Page 112 and 113:
6.3.4.2 Waste Recycling The Strateg
Page 114 and 115:
should be noted that in the case of
Page 116 and 117:
104 29/09/09 management of waste an
Page 118 and 119:
7.4 Key Organisations Involved in I
Page 120 and 121:
108 � Charges by weight are a str
Page 122 and 123:
general does not allow assessment o
Page 124 and 125:
112 29/09/09 “However, over one-q
Page 126 and 127:
terms of waste processing and dispo
Page 128 and 129:
7.14 Lessons Learned 7.14.1 General
Page 130 and 131:
8.0 Pay-by-use - International 8.1
Page 132 and 133:
120 � There are stipulations as t
Page 134 and 135:
quality for materials collected, th
Page 136 and 137:
Switzerland, the US, and New Zealan
Page 138 and 139:
shows improvements made in separate
Page 140 and 141:
Although it may be demonstrated tha
Page 142 and 143:
production has declined by 15% over
Page 144 and 145:
‘DIFTAR’ system types were repo
Page 146 and 147:
134 29/09/09 […] As we are intere
Page 148 and 149:
the infrastructure in this regard w
Page 150 and 151:
efore the onset of charging) are ac
Page 152 and 153:
Table 8-6: Empirical Estimates of t
Page 154 and 155:
authors do not point out) is that t
Page 156 and 157:
8.5.10 Climate Change Assessment of
Page 158 and 159:
146 � £7-30 million where the av
Page 160 and 161:
Table 8-10: Summarised Cost Benefit
Page 162 and 163:
8.8 Social and Distributional Conse
Page 164 and 165:
Figure 8-8: Average Prices for 20 L
Page 166 and 167:
their waste illegally. Of the 75,63
Page 168 and 169:
households) will tend towards fly-t
Page 170 and 171:
158 � Charges are placed on resid
Page 172 and 173:
than in large cities due to the hab
Page 174 and 175:
standards at 120kg/inhabitant, maki
Page 176 and 177:
From 2001 to 2006 the total amount
Page 178 and 179:
garden for chipping. There was an i
Page 180 and 181:
The county was operating a network
Page 182 and 183:
The above line of thinking led the
Page 184 and 185:
The fees per household for those us
Page 186 and 187:
174 is, or is not, an explanatory f
Page 188 and 189:
10.0 Pay-by-use - Flanders, Belgium
Page 190 and 191:
178 29/09/09 � A fixed residual w
Page 192 and 193:
180 29/09/09 1998, OVAM, 1996, resu
Page 194 and 195:
DIFTAR charges are intended to repl
Page 196 and 197:
184 29/09/09 streams. Charging at c
Page 198 and 199:
186 29/09/09 • excavation spoil u
Page 200 and 201:
necessarily clear that systems do p
Page 202 and 203:
estrictions (see Annexes 52.0 to 55
Page 204 and 205:
Table 11-5: RPS Rates for Household
Page 206 and 207:
Figure 11-1: Trends in Recovery and
Page 208 and 209:
11.11 Complementary Policies In add
Page 210 and 211:
On the plus side, the levy is a sim
Page 212 and 213:
the recovery of 50% of packaging wa
Page 214 and 215:
As a result of the various organisa
Page 216 and 217:
Therefore, where turnover is less t
Page 218 and 219:
12.5.2 The Packaging Regulations
Page 220 and 221:
There is a flat fee per tonne in fo
Page 222 and 223:
12.6 Evaluation Studies Available 2
Page 224 and 225:
the EPA figures. Growth declines in
Page 226 and 227:
this is laudable, its suspension du
Page 228 and 229:
216 29/09/09 “ … As a consequen
Page 230 and 231:
through the input of data from Repa
Page 232 and 233:
220 � instability and price fluct
Page 234 and 235:
222 29/09/09 the self-compliance re
Page 236 and 237:
Article 9.1 of EU Directive 94/62 o
Page 238 and 239:
12.12 Complementary Policies A numb
Page 240 and 241:
it recycled, the requirement for co
Page 242 and 243:
13.2 Where Has the Policy Been Appl
Page 244 and 245:
232 29/09/09 b. in the calculation
Page 246 and 247:
Table 13-2: Packaging Recycling in
Page 248 and 249:
236 � It serves as a forum for th
Page 250 and 251:
materials onto the packaging indust
Page 252 and 253:
Table 13-6: Split of the Financial
Page 254 and 255:
Figure 13-2: Packaging Waste Genera
Page 256 and 257:
What is often reported in the liter
Page 258 and 259:
appears to be happening, however, i
Page 260 and 261:
incentivising producers to set up r
Page 262 and 263:
ecycling to meet its targets (such
Page 264 and 265:
252 29/09/09 that these costs ought
Page 266 and 267:
The revision of the Packaging Ordin
Page 268 and 269:
14.5 Environmental Benefits 14.5.1
Page 270 and 271:
The study by Prognos mentions that
Page 272 and 273:
14.9 Complementary Policies The Pac
Page 274 and 275:
This highlights the fact that there
Page 276 and 277:
Table 15-1: Flemish EPR systems 264
Page 278 and 279:
oughly a 50/50 split between those
Page 280 and 281:
Figure 15-1: BEBAT Collection Box f
Page 282 and 283:
The wholesalers report the number o
Page 284 and 285:
272 � Organisation of the separat
Page 286 and 287:
sites, collections organised within
Page 288 and 289:
Figure 15-2: Trend in Collection of
Page 290 and 291:
Table 15-3 Recycling and Recovery T
Page 292 and 293:
of rechargeable batteries. Accordin
Page 294 and 295:
15.5.5 Waste Tyres 15.5.5.1 Environ
Page 296 and 297:
RECUPEL has more than 3,600 collect
Page 298 and 299:
Type Type of of of WEEE WEEE Target
Page 300 and 301:
288 � Financing the data collecti
Page 302 and 303:
Figure 15-6: Earnings from Green Do
Page 304 and 305:
15.6.8 Waste from Electrical and El
Page 306 and 307:
This affects the incentive that the
Page 308 and 309:
collection, although they have a gr
Page 310 and 311:
external cost of improper disposal
Page 312 and 313:
Table 16-1: Experience with Deposit
Page 314 and 315:
Country Country System System Year
Page 316 and 317:
Country Country System System separ
Page 318 and 319:
Country Country System System Year
Page 320 and 321:
16.3.2 Sweden Deposit refund scheme
Page 322 and 323:
All the provinces of Canada operate
Page 324 and 325:
312 � Robert C. Anderson (2004) I
Page 326 and 327:
eported that on average, each glass
Page 328 and 329:
This may reflect the ease with whic
Page 330 and 331:
schemes’ return rates increase as
Page 332 and 333:
320 29/09/09 higher higher higher r
Page 334 and 335:
of beverage containers to total lit
Page 336 and 337:
Table 16-3: Number of Debris Found
Page 338 and 339:
326 29/09/09 A national CDS [contai
Page 340 and 341:
However, the study noted that the r
Page 342 and 343:
The German deposit scheme is recogn
Page 344 and 345:
would be if the deposit was set ver
Page 346 and 347:
It is important to recognise also t
Page 348 and 349:
336 29/09/09 mandatory mandatory ma
Page 350 and 351:
338 � Deposit refund schemes can
Page 352 and 353:
17.0 Deposit Refund Scheme - German
Page 354 and 355:
342 � 1991 1991: 1991 1991 The Pa
Page 356 and 357:
with a market share of 63%, are the
Page 358 and 359:
17.7 Effects on Technical Change /
Page 360 and 361:
experiences with the nationwide ret
Page 362 and 363:
18.0 National Waste Prevention Prog
Page 364 and 365:
352 29/09/09 advisory service where
Page 366 and 367:
use. A range of meetings with teach
Page 368 and 369:
typically generated less waste to l
Page 370 and 371:
Quantified actual savings included
Page 372 and 373:
As part of the NWPP, an agreement t
Page 374 and 375:
19.0 Producer Responsibility, WEEE
Page 376 and 377:
364 � Ensure that private househo
Page 378 and 379:
366 � Retailers: 29/09/09 • Reg
Page 380 and 381:
368 � Producers: Producers: Produ
Page 382 and 383:
19.6.2 Environmental Benefits - Ass
Page 384 and 385:
Additional costs to businesses may
Page 386 and 387:
that the effect on prices might not
Page 388 and 389:
Page 390 and 391:
Page 392 and 393:
Table 20-1: Summary of WEEE policie
Page 394 and 395:
National National Register Register
Page 396 and 397:
20.2.1.1 Austria In Austria, the ma
Page 398 and 399:
the fee, the average lifespan of th
Page 400 and 401:
There are, at present, certain spec
Page 402 and 403:
20.2.1.8 UK The UK regulations on W
Page 404 and 405:
392 � Avoidance of ozone-layer de
Page 406 and 407:
stemming from a current lack of inc
Page 408 and 409:
Throughout Europe, the costs of imp
Page 410 and 411:
20.7 Complementary Policies 398 �
Page 412 and 413:
estimating that 15 % of the WEEE st
Page 414 and 415:
(with almost 1 in 5 people thinking
Page 416 and 417:
try to provide greater incentives f
Page 418 and 419:
Page 420 and 421:
408 � Producers must provide publ
Page 422 and 423:
these responsibilities by means of
Page 424 and 425:
ominated flame retardants in any ne
Page 426 and 427:
21.6 Implementation Costs Producers
Page 428 and 429:
November 2005, as of March 2006, on
Page 430 and 431:
equal to 150,000 with one supplemen
Page 432 and 433:
accompany Part VA of the Waste Mana
Page 434 and 435:
Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle Owners Owne
Page 436 and 437:
Arising from the free take back of
Page 438 and 439:
expenditure incurred in implementin
Page 440 and 441:
Anti-competitive practices are addr
Page 442 and 443:
22.14 Lessons Learned 22.14.1 Gener
Page 444 and 445:
Page 446 and 447:
23.2.5 Country-specific Characteris
Page 448 and 449:
436 � Improvement of materials an
Page 450 and 451:
23.4 Pre-implementation / Evaluatio
Page 452 and 453:
ecycling and reuse activity being a
Page 454 and 455:
many are expected to fall short of
Page 456 and 457:
policies are directly driving this
Page 458 and 459:
446 � Action has been taken again
Page 460 and 461:
24.0 Producer Responsibility, Batte
Page 462 and 463:
24.4 Key Organisations Involved in
Page 464 and 465:
Producers of portable batteries are
Page 466 and 467:
Table 24-4 Estimated Producer Costs
Page 468 and 469:
is only to be expected that signifi
Page 470 and 471:
458 � A prohibition on the dispos
Page 472 and 473:
Cadmium was, until recently, a comp
Page 474 and 475:
It should also be mentioned that a
Page 476 and 477:
25.2.3.2 South America Perhaps surp
Page 478 and 479:
Retailers selling batteries would a
Page 480 and 481:
atteries placed on the market fell
Page 482 and 483:
not possible to evaluate different
Page 484 and 485:
In an attempt to add a higher degre
Page 486 and 487:
weight and contain no heavy metals
Page 488 and 489:
Directive 2000/53/EC on End of Life
Page 490 and 491:
26.0 Producer Responsibility, Batte
Page 492 and 493:
480 � 1 st September 2001: Revisi
Page 494 and 495:
482 � GRS Batterien (2003): Erfol
Page 496 and 497:
26.7 Effects on Technical Change /
Page 498 and 499:
486 � A key problem for the succe
Page 500 and 501:
materials might not have been deeme
Page 502 and 503:
estimated the figure of 5% in their
Page 504 and 505:
Also, the report stated that there
Page 506 and 507:
Enforcement costs borne by the Iris
Page 508 and 509:
The plastic bag levy has led to mor
Page 510 and 511:
28.0 Packaging Taxes - Internationa
Page 512 and 513:
as drinks, oils, vinegar, sauces, d
Page 514 and 515:
In 1996, the Danish Parliament requ
Page 516 and 517:
Because the packaging tax is new in
Page 518 and 519:
28.10 Effect of the Policy on Prici
Page 520 and 521:
29.0 Tyre Charge - International 29
Page 522 and 523:
tackling problems with tyres. The p
Page 524 and 525:
29.3.4 Denmark In 1995, the Ministr
Page 526 and 527:
29.9 Complementary Policies A numbe
Page 528 and 529:
introduction of the ecotax. When th
Page 530 and 531:
the sale of water in glass bottles
Page 532 and 533:
30.5.1.4 Destination of the Revenue
Page 534 and 535:
with higher disposable incomes, alt
Page 536 and 537:
In the implementation of the regula
Page 538 and 539:
example, both Italy and France have
Page 540 and 541:
31.10 Evasion and Enforcement Upon
Page 542 and 543:
In addition to variations in the ma
Page 544 and 545:
policies focus on disposal outcomes
Page 546 and 547:
out under Article 5 of the EU Landf
Page 548 and 549:
536 29/09/09 • Second, the fact t
Page 550 and 551:
them worthy of consideration, and t
Page 552 and 553:
33.8 Implementation Costs The costs
Page 554 and 555:
542 29/09/09 legislation (so develo
Page 556 and 557:
Republic, Denmark, England and Wale
Page 558 and 559:
Belgium (particularly Flanders) The
Page 560 and 561:
local intentions regarding separate
Page 562 and 563:
collections and fortnightly kerbsid
Page 564 and 565:
552 29/09/09 http://www.greenallian
Page 566 and 567:
Figure 34-1: Waste Generation, Reco
Page 568 and 569:
that the specified materials are no
Page 570 and 571:
to-door source-separation schemes h
Page 572 and 573:
composting and anaerobic digestion
Page 574 and 575:
householder. 682 According to Lone
Page 576 and 577:
35.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (C
Page 578 and 579:
is being replaced by more general r
Page 580 and 581:
http://www.bafu.admin.ch/abfall/014
Page 582 and 583:
36.0 Product Standards: Biowaste Tr
Page 584 and 585:
Due to the large number of countrie
Page 586 and 587:
contaminants found in their compost
Page 588 and 589:
for 1 h or equivalent process valid
Page 590 and 591:
Others 578 � In order that agricu
Page 592 and 593:
throughout Europe. In addition, som
Page 594 and 595:
Table 36-3 Compost Market Shares of
Page 596 and 597:
Within the compost industry, implem
Page 598 and 599:
586 29/09/09 this respect, then aft
Page 600 and 601:
37.0 Animal By-Products Regulations
Page 602 and 603:
37.3 When was the Policy Introduced
Page 604 and 605:
592 � Fresh by-products from fish
Page 606 and 607:
concerns into consideration allowin
Page 608 and 609:
extended to householders, but is in
Page 610 and 611:
38.0 Policies For Dealing With Junk
Page 612 and 613:
38.3 Examples 38.3.1 French Unwante
Page 614 and 615:
Table 38-2: Direct Mail Policies an
Page 616 and 617:
CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE 6
Page 618 and 619:
approach to waste management, since
Page 620 and 621:
40.0 National Construction and Demo
Page 622 and 623:
was further proposed that in additi
Page 624 and 625:
40.6.1 Environmental Benefits - Pre
Page 626 and 627:
waste prevention, minimisation, reu
Page 628 and 629:
41.0 Landfill Levy - Ireland 41.1 O
Page 630 and 631:
618 � Operators of Disposal Activ
Page 632 and 633:
they probably understate the quanti
Page 634 and 635:
Page 636 and 637:
easonable to assume that the landfi
Page 638 and 639:
42.0 C & D Waste Management Plan Gu
Page 640 and 641:
Good waste management practice - pr
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
43.0 Site Waste Management Plans -
Page 646 and 647:
projects for either national, state
Page 648 and 649:
and WRPs. It has been highlighted t
Page 650 and 651:
Evidence from both the UK and Hong
Page 652 and 653:
CIRIA research found that implement
Page 654 and 655:
lacking in Australia, Singapore and
Page 656 and 657:
44.0 Waste Facility Permit Regulati
Page 658 and 659:
44.5 Monitoring and Measurement Tec
Page 660 and 661:
application fee is consistent from
Page 662 and 663:
45.0 Demolition Protocol - UK 45.1
Page 664 and 665:
Due to the relative small-scale of
Page 666 and 667:
Table 46-1: Main Aggregate Levy Pol
Page 668 and 669:
The UK has adopted an approach wher
Page 670 and 671:
aggregate (and the fact that the ta
Page 672 and 673:
46.6 Implementation Costs The compl
Page 674 and 675:
The impact of the tax was unevenly
Page 676 and 677:
Page 678 and 679:
A lesson from the case in Ireland (
Page 680 and 681:
668 � Spain. 811 Voluntary standa
Page 682 and 683:
secondary materials may suffer in t
Page 684 and 685:
derived from waste materials and ai
Page 686 and 687:
48.2.1 Austria Under the Ordinance
Page 688 and 689:
676 1. for residential construction
Page 690 and 691:
proof from the Registered Facility
Page 692 and 693:
Environmental Protection Action (19
Page 694 and 695:
682 29/09/09 to ensure that the mec
Page 696 and 697:
4) landfill ban for specific recycl
Page 698 and 699:
686 29/09/09 Singapore’s use of p
Page 700 and 701:
In San Diego, where the mandatory r
Page 702 and 703:
49.0 Incentives Affecting Construct
Page 704 and 705:
Due to the failure to list these ma
Page 706 and 707:
51.0 The Landfill Directive - Curre
Page 708 and 709:
Figure 51-1: Evolution of MSW and i
Page 710 and 711:
GDP growth (in real terms) whilst p
Page 712 and 713:
3) Very large quantities of textile
Page 714 and 715:
stream (estimated at 8% in the Wast
Page 716 and 717:
In respect of incineration, the EPA
Page 718 and 719:
51.4 Existing Targets Several targe
Page 720 and 721:
51.4.2.1 ‘Changing Our Ways’ Ch
Page 722 and 723:
710 • 2013 required 1,729,585 •
Page 724 and 725:
712 29/09/09 There will be a certai
Page 726 and 727:
is proposed not to be set at a leve
Page 728 and 729:
716 4. Effectively push for source
Page 730 and 731:
Note 2: For the first two biodegrad
Page 732 and 733:
720 29/09/09 used for the treatment
Page 734 and 735:
722 29/09/09 secondary materials. T
Page 736 and 737:
724 29/09/09 electricity. This type
Page 738 and 739:
security, appear to be increasing t
Page 740 and 741:
make both decisions. 890 Policies o
Page 742 and 743:
730 • Wastes which are explosive,
Page 744 and 745:
Common to these policies is a desir
Page 746 and 747:
Country Country Landfill Landfill T
Page 748 and 749:
736 29/09/09 cosmopolitan 903 or no
Page 750 and 751:
738 29/09/09 pay less landfill tax
Page 752 and 753:
In 2006 the Government of Western A
Page 754 and 755:
or waste of low calorific value in
Page 756 and 757:
744 29/09/09 4.1.1 4.1.1 4.1.1 The
Page 758 and 759:
52.2.4.8 Country-specific Character
Page 760 and 761:
ecycling. Initially, the rates for
Page 762 and 763:
750 proximity principle. Furthermor
Page 764 and 765:
A general ban on recyclable and com
Page 766 and 767:
754 � A tax on incineration from
Page 768 and 769:
756 � Landfills are classified ac
Page 770 and 771:
758 � Liquid waste, infectious wa
Page 772 and 773:
The UK Landfill Tax was introduced
Page 774 and 775:
the heading of the Business Resourc
Page 776 and 777:
Another feature of levies is that t
Page 778 and 779:
766 29/09/09 Probably, there is som
Page 780 and 781:
waste per inhabitant of any of the
Page 782 and 783:
collection facilities and the appli
Page 784 and 785:
Where household waste is concerned,
Page 786 and 787:
Figure 52-8: Recovery Rates for Was
Page 788 and 789:
Figure 52-9: Correlation between La
Page 790 and 791:
The reason for this is that the com
Page 792 and 793:
Table 52-6: Effectiveness of Waste
Page 794 and 795:
782 � Separately collected waste
Page 796 and 797:
Additionally for incineration taxes
Page 798 and 799:
funds which it may have spent elsew
Page 800 and 801:
disposal and subsidies for recyclin
Page 802 and 803:
52.12 Waste Taxes and Bans (C&D was
Page 804 and 805:
� Landfill bans are often applied
Page 806 and 807:
53.0 Landfill Ban (German Case Stud
Page 808 and 809:
796 � Council of Environmental Ad
Page 810 and 811:
In addition to incineration capacit
Page 812 and 813:
54.0 Waste Levies and Bans (Belgium
Page 814 and 815:
The revenues of the levies are dest
Page 816 and 817:
Figure 54-3: Evolution in Landfill
Page 818 and 819:
54.9 Effect of the Policy on Pricin
Page 820 and 821:
55.0 Landfill Allowance Schemes (UK
Page 822 and 823:
810 � In Scotland, there are 31 U
Page 824 and 825:
their allocation based on past quan
Page 826 and 827:
55.4 Pre-implementation / Evaluatio
Page 828 and 829:
compared to the amount landfilled i
Page 830 and 831:
818 29/09/09 approval. The current
Page 832 and 833:
all the facts, a lower cost service
Page 834 and 835:
822 � There are concerns that the
Page 836 and 837:
56.0 Proposed Policy Changes This s
Page 838 and 839:
available. There are strong reasons
Page 840 and 841:
828 29/09/09 collections has tended
Page 842 and 843:
830 3. The residual waste is used t
Page 844 and 845:
832 29/09/09 procurement strategy,
Page 846 and 847:
56.2.1 A Waste Levy The existing la
Page 848 and 849:
836 29/09/09 a. Where the residues
Page 850 and 851:
838 29/09/09 • A per tonne levy f
Page 852 and 853:
Table 56-2: Suggested Levy Structur
Page 854 and 855:
This will not, however, give any ce
Page 856 and 857:
waste if the levy comes into force,
Page 858 and 859:
57.0 Green Public Procurement 57.1
Page 860 and 861:
Figure 57-1: EU Regulatory Framewor
Page 862 and 863:
850 29/09/09 � public expenditure
Page 864 and 865:
57.4.1 UK Public Sector Central Cen
Page 866 and 867:
854 29/09/09 services should be enc
Page 868 and 869:
sought to utilise locally available
Page 870 and 871:
858 29/09/09 A: “The conclusions
Page 872 and 873:
57.5.1 Barriers to Uptake of Green
Page 874 and 875:
58.0 Ireland and the UNECE / Stockh
Page 876 and 877:
might be argued that no threshold a
Page 878 and 879:
number of objectives, the last of t
Page 880 and 881:
59.0 Target Setting Discussions reg
Page 882 and 883:
870 29/09/09 No addressee(s); no sa
Page 884 and 885:
872 29/09/09 b. Requirements for pa
Page 886 and 887:
59.3 Looking Forward In order to be
Page 888 and 889:
59.4 Levels of Achievement - Househ
Page 890 and 891:
878 � textiles � glass � pape
Page 892 and 893:
Figure 59-2: Effects of Charging Sc
Page 894 and 895:
Some general observations are as fo
Page 896 and 897:
The introduction of this waste syst
Page 898 and 899:
Figure 59-6: Recycling Rates Achiev
Page 900 and 901:
Where metals are concerned, there i
Page 902 and 903:
890 • Mandates for the collection
Page 904 and 905:
The recovery quota is a minimum of
Page 906 and 907:
Figure 59-11: Evolution in Quantiti
Page 908 and 909:
59.9.1 Residual Waste Levy In Wallo
Page 910 and 911:
Table 59-5: Residual Waste Levy, Pr
Page 912 and 913:
prevention and waste recycling, whi
Page 914 and 915:
60.0 Grant Funding 60.1 Introductio
Page 916 and 917:
904 � Make public bodies aware of
Page 918 and 919:
906 The site accepts the following
Page 920 and 921:
908 � initiatives undertaken by c
Page 922 and 923:
These show that in the first year o
Page 924 and 925:
Table 60-2: Comparison between the
Page 926 and 927:
Programme (CIP-EIP) and through gra
Page 928 and 929:
The The The Landfill Landfill Landf
Page 930 and 931:
Strategic Strategic Strategic Waste
Page 932 and 933:
60.7 Decision/Allocation Mechanism
Page 934 and 935:
922 Box Box 11: 1 1: : St St Peters
Page 936 and 937:
monitored during and after the proj
Page 938 and 939:
costs involved. However, typically
Page 940 and 941:
928 � Rules regarding the split b
Page 942 and 943:
TECHNICAL ANNEXES 930 29/09/09
Page 944 and 945:
932 29/09/09 o At what frequency? o
Page 946 and 947:
61.1.2 Cost benefit Analysis Cost b
Page 948 and 949:
increases of the significance of th
Page 950 and 951:
Landfills also emit other gases. Th
Page 952 and 953:
taxes on incineration despite the f
Page 954 and 955:
4. The degree to which materials (e
Page 956 and 957:
4. Biologically (aerobic), with res
Page 958 and 959:
£173 in 1999 terms) per household
Page 960 and 961:
Pollution displacement h 0 Total To
Page 962 and 963:
61.3.2.1 Restricted Range of Pollut
Page 964 and 965:
Table 61-2: Unit Damage Costs Used
Page 966 and 967:
central high scenario, the effects
Page 968 and 969:
956 � conventional air pollutants
Page 970 and 971:
carbon intensity, would have brough
Page 972 and 973:
composition of the waste and the im
Page 974 and 975:
The authors went on to explore atti
Page 976 and 977:
62.0 Life-cycle Assessment of Resid
Page 978 and 979:
kg kg antimony antimony eq. eq. 966
Page 980 and 981:
kg kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene 1,4-dichl
Page 982 and 983:
Page 984 and 985:
kg kg PO4 PO4 eq. eq. 62.1.1.6 Eutr
Page 986 and 987:
Page 988 and 989:
when comparing facilities which bio
Page 990 and 991:
63.0 Externalities of Waste Managem
Page 992 and 993:
980 29/09/09 costs for CH4 and N2O
Page 994 and 995:
982 29/09/09 credibility. None of t
Page 996 and 997:
984 � Land use Some studies have
Page 998 and 999:
63.1.3.2 Diesel We have used a figu
Page 1000 and 1001:
Textiles Misc Combustibles 988 29/0
Page 1002 and 1003:
Table 63-5: Declining Long-Term Dis
Page 1004 and 1005:
LQM did not consider the amount of
Page 1006 and 1007:
Table 63-6: Landfill Gas Management
Page 1008 and 1009:
Table 63-8: Non Greenhouse Gas Emis
Page 1010 and 1011:
63.3 Incineration 63.3.1 Climate Ch
Page 1012 and 1013:
Research (VITO) gave the following
Page 1014 and 1015:
63.3.2 Air Quality Impacts of Incin
Page 1016 and 1017:
pollution control residues were con
Page 1018 and 1019:
and Komilis and Ham, all of whom in
Page 1020 and 1021:
Table 63-15: Assumed Used for Model
Page 1022 and 1023:
1010 29/09/09 external costs. Emiss
Page 1024 and 1025:
1012 � Emissions associated with
Page 1026 and 1027:
Table 63-20: External Costs of Dry
Page 1028 and 1029:
Table 63-22: Avoided Emissions Recy
Page 1030 and 1031:
Aeration and the C:N ratio are beli
Page 1032 and 1033:
1020 3. Bioaerosols Of these, the f
Page 1034 and 1035:
The current analysis assumes that i
Page 1036 and 1037:
land. 1270 The use of compost in ho
Page 1038 and 1039:
Table 63-28: AD Process Emissions P
Page 1040 and 1041:
plant is still relatively limited.
Page 1042 and 1043:
Table 63-33: Emissions of Gas-fuell
Page 1044 and 1045:
excess of €76 million are expecte
Page 1046 and 1047:
This annex attempts to interrogate
Page 1048 and 1049:
collection operator websites and ot
Page 1050 and 1051:
The data in the tables above when c
Page 1052 and 1053:
Table 64-5: Breakdown of Costs into
Page 1054 and 1055:
The kerbside sort systems shown in
Page 1056 and 1057:
Table 64-7: Additional Cost per Hou
Page 1058 and 1059:
64.4 Collection Costs in England Un
Page 1060 and 1061:
point, rather than working on foot
Page 1062:
1050 29/09/09 Hence, the effects of
show all

International Review of Waste Management Policy - Department of ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?