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823<br />
� Market-relevant information; and<br />
� A clear mechanism for reporting <strong>of</strong> data.<br />
Figure 55-1: Mass Balance Calculation for the LATS in England<br />
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Review</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Waste</strong> <strong>Policy</strong>: Annexes
822 � There are concerns that the mass balance approach encourages local authorities to collect large quantities <strong>of</strong> garden waste, and that the way the accounting process works encourages ‘waste generation’ and discourages home composting. Defra is considering the potential for incorporating an adjustment, related to home composting into the mass balance scheme. � The definition <strong>of</strong> municipal waste in the UK is clearly enabling some authorities to generate ‘assets’ from their allowance allocations, based on grandfathering, by simply ceasing trade waste collections. The initial proposal for the scheme proposed an allocation on household numbers; � Some WDAs, in areas where Government has planned for major new housing developments, have argued, not unreasonably, that their allocation <strong>of</strong> allowances should reflect their changing circumstances. Defra and the other administrations are giving the matter some consideration. The initial proposal for the scheme proposed an allocation on household numbers, with adjustments made periodically on the basis <strong>of</strong> WDAs’ share <strong>of</strong> total households; � Crucially, in England, where allowances are tradable, the availability <strong>of</strong> information <strong>of</strong> ‘market relevance’ has been limited. This is, perhaps, less problematic where the number and magnitude <strong>of</strong> trades is small, and when prices for allowances are understandably low. If the market tightens, however, there will be heightened concern regarding the quality <strong>of</strong> the market-relevant information, not least since local authority <strong>of</strong>ficers may be required to make substantial financial outlays through trades. It remains to be seen whether the LATS Trading Floor (and electronic trading floor) can provide this information; and � In the trading system, it may have been wiser to ensure that targets were set such that rules regarding banking and borrowing were the same in all years. The existing system effectively changes the rules in ‘target years’ (2009/10, 2012/13 and 2019/20). This forces the market for allowances into a clearing situation when in other years, banking and borrowing gives flexibility. Arguably, this prevents any form <strong>of</strong> meaningful price formation for future years, reducing the efficiency and liquidity <strong>of</strong> the market for trading allowances in those future years. 55.13 Prerequisites for Introduction Pre-requisites for the scheme’s introduction are: � Targets are set upon those who can reasonably be said to have responsibility for delivery against the targets; � A clear method for allocation, and for each WDA, a more or less clear schedule <strong>of</strong> allowances over time; � Clear rules around trading, banking and borrowing; � Crucially, sanctions to support the drive to meet targets; � Clarity about the way the WDAs’ performance would be assessed under the LASs (see Figure 55-1); 29/09/09
823 � Market-relevant information; and � A clear mechanism for reporting <strong>of</strong> data. Figure 55-1: Mass Balance Calculation for the LATS in England <strong>International</strong> <strong>Review</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Waste</strong> <strong>Policy</strong>: Annexes
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International Review of Waste Manag
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29/09/09
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ii 32.0 Levy on Waste Paints - Inte
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Glossary of Acronyms iv 29/09/09 AB
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vi 29/09/09 MSW Municipal solid was
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WASTE POLICIES - EXISTING FRAMEWORK
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3 departing from the hierarchy wher
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7. The inclusion of measures to pre
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7 Reuse; Reuse; Reuse; for example
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ut both grow. “Absolute decouplin
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1.4 Waste Recycling and Composting
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13 waste from these sources. Member
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Management (Food Waste) Regulations
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17 Such measures may include an acc
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19 � endeavour to reduce the use
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21 the European Union. Apart from l
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23 1. Member States shall set up a
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1.6 The Incineration Directive The
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1.7 The UNECE / Stockholm Conventio
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29 � Lindane to Annex A; � Pent
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2.0 Policy Instruments for Waste Ma
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33 agencies), and occasionally unde
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Mechanisms which operate through th
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identical, but in practice they hav
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39 that firms may still need to be
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41 � Recycling investment tax cre
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43 � Lack of communication betwee
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3.2 Issues with Current Situation I
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47 Greenstar claims that when the l
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3.3 Market Failure Currently in Ire
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51 franchise agreements reduce the
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as set out by the EU is limited in
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The beneficial network effects, or
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3.6 Recommendations What is often d
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59 which was designed to reflect a
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61 1. Whether the private sector ha
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4.0 The Role of Local Authorities 4
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that there have been no significant
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Local authorities have no obvious m
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introduced (and under which, they w
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71 International Review of Waste Po
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statutory waste management plans. I
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Each region has devised, and period
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uneconomic infrastructure and regio
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79 programme of measures to achieve
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Waste referred to in paragraph 1 is
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It is suggested that the regions sh
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6.0 Review of Irish Policy on Preve
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2. High quality data relating to wa
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company linked to the municipality
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infrastructure with a high emphasis
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93 and liaise with local authoritie
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To date the Market Development Grou
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Table 6-1: Generation of Municipal
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No adjustment was made to the proje
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whilst initiatives for unsolicited
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7.0 Pay-By-Use - Ireland 7.1 Outlin
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One of the waste management commitm
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eporting in the Annual National Was
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109 � In the absence of a kerbsid
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in case study areas, and an increas
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shifts/by separate staff, which in
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not reflected in reduced costs to c
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extent to which this compromises an
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and residual waste fee not so great
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121 � Choosing collection schemes
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8.3 Key Organisations Involved in I
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of material generated as waste (sin
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Figure 8-2: Balance of Costs and Be
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counterfactual. This type of approa
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131 � Bin-volume based (i.e. wher
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133 � Sack-based schemes with cha
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Table 8-4: Costs under Flat Rate Fe
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to this type of abuse given a) its
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the effect of certain variables on
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effects are not always verifiable i
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A French study (results shown in Fi
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Therefore, it would seem reasonable
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In many jurisdictions, where the pr
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149 “M&S [Marks & Spencer] sell t
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cost of residual waste treatment is
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eduction in waste quantities. The m
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A useful report on illegal dumping,
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Generally, the view which prevails
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9.0 Pay-by-use - Germany 9.1 Outlin
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Table 9-2: Charges for Residual Was
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163 Environmental Advisors (Sachver
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Figure 9-2: Quantities of Residual
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The bulky waste collections, Figure
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The net effect of these changes for
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the market such as waste sluices (e
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Prior to the system’s introductio
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The case of Schweinfurt is truly ou
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10.1.2 Approaches to Selective Coll
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10.4 Key Organisations Involved in
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FOST-Plus reports the following col
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to recover costs in such a way that
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11.0 Landfill Levy - Ireland 11.1 O
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187 � Landfill operators. Local A
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Table 11-2: Trends in Household Was
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191 • The effects of the Repak Pa
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positive. In 2007, of the €32,398
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11.8 Response from Public and Indus
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When the landfill levy was first in
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12.0 Producer Responsibility, Packa
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Although the European legislation d
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Table 12-1: Distribution of Respons
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205 (v) 15% by weight for wood, sup
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207 Companies that supply packaging
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Data from both Repak and self-compl
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Table 12-3: Average Compound Rate o
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The EEA report identifies the role
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The same study went on to highlight
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217 materials at source, effectivel
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and processors). In terms of the re
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Repak members, and non-major produc
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In their submission of information
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225 a. Direct costs of compliance (
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As noted above, there are differenc
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13.0 Producer Responsibility, Packa
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Directive. The current Regulations
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each year by an Industrial Structur
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generally cheaper to collect as it
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Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands
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Figure 13-1: Packaging Recycling an
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Country Country 241 % % of of colle
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It can be seen that against this me
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Figure 13-4: German License Fees Pa
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This is likely to have been depende
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Table 13-9: Financing Sources for R
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iv) Operational Operational Operati
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14.0 Producer Responsibility, Packa
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Table 14-2: Operators of Dual Syste
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provided by the DSD. Through the DS
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Following a poll in 2004, it became
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packaging has to be licensed by the
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15.0 Producer Responsibility - Flan
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265 � The industrial federations
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used to reimburse (inter)municipali
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Consumers can bring old and expired
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15.3.7 Waste Tyres The implementati
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273 � which treatment facilities
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VALORFRIT reimburses the municipali
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Figure 15-3: Belgian Packaging Wast
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279 � Widespread use of PBU; �
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Figure 15-4: Collection for Recycli
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283 � by January 2015, reuse and
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RECUPEL has continually sampled 5 %
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is currently being performed to ide
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Table 15-7 Green Dot Fees for Packa
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Moreover, the provisions of BEBAT n
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293 • All other types of oil gene
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procedure. It would be considerably
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16.0 Deposit Refund Systems - Inter
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same order as the cost savings from
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Country Country System System Year
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Country Country System System Year
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Country Country System System Year
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Country Country System System Year
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NT$13.01 per kg (US$0.39 at January
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collectors. These super-collectors
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A study in 2002 reviewed the outcom
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315 The existing studies show that
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Figure 16-2: Performance of US Stat
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Figure 16-5: Return Percentages of
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This is not to deny the possibility
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323 in in in packaging, packaging,
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harm caused by plastics in the mari
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327 Deposit containers would be tra
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have to be compared with the costs
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Of particular interest are some of
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Figure 16-7: Economic Cost per Tonn
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One of the concerns within Europe h
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(e.g. brought from Germany) so that
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Another pre-requisite, partly becau
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341 International Review of Waste P
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343 � Council of Environmental Ad
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step towards turning people away fr
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The sectors that profited from the
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349 � Willingness of the industry
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Green-Schools is run by An Taisce f
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18.3 When was the Policy Introduced
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355 � Green Homes: The Green Home
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Figure 18-1: Green Homes Research -
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composter. There are similar saving
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information on the various themes i
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Producers must register with the na
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365 • 2008: The Waste Management
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367 • Approved producer complianc
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the generation of electrical and el
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80% of WEEE primary processing take
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outed to charities and schools to d
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since June 2006 to guide and co-ord
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377 � Category 10 - Automatic dis
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table are the ‘2008 Review of Dir
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National National Register Register
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383 � The financial structures as
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purchased), though some offer it vo
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In order to facilitate their financ
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that product, the risk that the mat
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particular streams of WEEE. For exa
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Table 20-2 gives the amount of each
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demand that the receiving facilitie
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Table 20-3: Range of Total Costs fo
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kg), and a TV (15 kg), finding the
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20.10 Lessons Learned Administrativ
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Historical and ‘orphan’ waste,
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in 2012. Hence, the revision may im
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equipment. Furthermore producers do
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409 � 31 st December 2005: Almost
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411 � Regarding “new” WEEE (e
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ate of WEEE collected after the int
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A serious problem is the illegal ex
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22.0 Producer Responsibility, ELVs
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practice previously resulted in the
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421 of that producer's brand or for
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Ireland would be able to meet the r
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22.6.2 Environmental Benefits Assoc
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According to this paper: 427 � Th
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oth pieces of legislation is to res
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23.0 Producer Responsibility, ELVs
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driven the reclamation industry to
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23.2.7 Country-specific Characteris
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23.2.9 Country-specific Characteris
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In addition to the benefits associa
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key reports highlight the importanc
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Government in the form of additiona
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affected. In any event, the effect
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447 happen and because a reasonable
- Page 461 and 462:
24.2 Policy Context and Reason for
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time of writing, though it is under
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24.7 Environmental Benefits The Bat
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24.11 Social and Distributional Con
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25.0 Producer Responsibility, Batte
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459 � The competent authorities s
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1995. 537 This proliferation is pri
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463 � Countries where separate co
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This has been possible under a broa
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specific battery types, they might
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For automotive and industrial batte
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25.6.1.2 Retailer Take-back Schemes
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Table 25-5: Average Cost per Kilogr
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effectively be financed at a cost o
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Collection methods in Europe have p
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26.2 Reasons for the Policy Accordi
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26.3 Key Organisations Involved in
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Figure 26-2: German Battery Composi
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26.11 Evasion and Enforcement The c
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27.0 Plastic Bag Levy - Ireland 27.
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27.5.1 Evaluation Studies Available
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491 � Retailers find the effects
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ags in 2003, compared with 36% in 1
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27.10 Social and Distributional Con
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27.14 Lessons Learned 27.14.1 Gener
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499 � Higher rates of recycling;
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Table 28-2: The Organisation of the
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same period of 9.8%. 600 The Danish
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that only 8,000-10,000 businesses w
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28.12 Lessons Learned The Danish sc
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a government body, the revenue is
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511 � Lubricating oil; � Antifr
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Considering the impact on the consu
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30.0 Product Taxes - Belgium 30.1 O
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and the Minister of Economic Affair
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Figure 30-1: Market Data on Single
- Page 533 and 534:
In order to achieve these targets,
- Page 535 and 536:
ecycling targets is partly linked t
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31.0 Plastic Bag Bans - Internation
- Page 539 and 540:
31.5 Environmental Benefits Environ
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32.0 Levy on Waste Paints - Interna
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The report concluded that total emp
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33.0 Circular WPPR 17/08 - Ireland
- Page 547 and 548:
private sector operators incur cost
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the organic waste fraction is no mo
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investments are utilised, will be i
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33.12 Complementary Policies Comple
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34.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (H
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paper/cardboard, metals (aluminium
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England and Wales (United Kingdom)
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householder/small commercial sector
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government is responsible for the w
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Indeed, there are clearly synergies
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strengthened as the increased costs
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from 15.4 % in 1994 to 49.2 % in 20
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materials. 675 Thus complementary p
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34.9 Effect of the Policy on Pricin
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� Strong industrial support via p
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municipality) unless it is composte
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City of Portland, Oregon (USA) The
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waste from manufacturing industries
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36.2.1 Country-specific Characteris
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solid pre-requisite for the product
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575 However, pending the adoption o
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where the abovementioned statutory
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36.5 Environmental Benefits The env
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Table 36-2 Amount (‘000 tonnes) o
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separated kitchen and garden waste,
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36.9 Effect of the Policy on Pricin
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product, especially when bioactive
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589 risk of contamination with othe
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37.4 Key Organisations Involved in
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37.6.1 Environmental Benefits - Pre
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For proposed new composting facilit
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597 • The contaminated batch and
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Table 38-1: Junk Mail Policies Name
- Page 613 and 614:
them to increase efforts at suppres
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Table 38-3: Cost Savings from Junk
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39.0 Review of Irish Policy, Constr
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39.1.2 Recycling of C&D Waste - Gen
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40.3 When was the Policy Introduced
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out in national policy and in the i
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currently working in this area and
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goals that are shared by the Nation
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617 waste minimisation and recyclin
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41.7 Environmental Benefits The rev
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to 2 per cent of the landfill levy,
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623 � the name of the accountable
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625 initiatives. In other words, th
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environmental protection and optimu
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The NCDWC had a high level of suppo
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42.15 Lessons Learned For the purpo
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mandatory to varying degrees in Eng
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Japan 635 � Monitoring and auditi
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Hong Kong Industry surveying and in
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Table 43-1: Estimated Total Cost of
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43.8 Social and Distributional Cons
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short time frame over which it has
- Page 657 and 658:
In December 2007, Mr. John Gormley,
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647 of waste recovered at the facil
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44.13 Effect of the Policy on Prici
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implementing and managing the Proto
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46.0 Tax on Aggregates - Internatio
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The UK’s ‘Aggregate Levy’ app
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The following study is a comparison
- Page 671 and 672:
The intention to implement a landfi
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has encouraged innovation in recycl
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46.9.1 Quality Standards European S
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665 � if one fails to deregister,
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47.0 Product Standards for Aggregat
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It lays down regulations and standa
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has been recognised that recycled o
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48.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (C
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Companies are obliged to either sep
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Table 48-2: Construction and Demoli
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Construction and demolition project
- Page 693 and 694:
Belgium Following Article 16 in Cha
- Page 695 and 696:
The UK Environment Agency have buil
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during Construction Work came into
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codes. For example, Korea introduce
- Page 701 and 702:
In Japan, the lead contractor is re
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50.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (C
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POLICIES FOR RESIDUAL WASTE 693 Int
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695 advance the Commission of their
- Page 709 and 710:
have stabilised over the last six y
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ased instruments, or through regula
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Figure 51-4: Materials Captured (re
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200,000 tonnes, though some of this
- Page 717 and 718:
tonnes early in 2010, and as much a
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We discuss the matters further belo
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as was made clear above, the inclus
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51.4.2.3 Comment on Targets A conce
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seem that there is little or no bas
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It acknowledges the role of a numbe
- Page 729 and 730:
The proposed minimum pre-treatment
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719 The introduction of this measur
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The growing strength of these inter
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It goes on: 723 fully stabilised wa
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of electricity consumption from ren
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52.0 Policies Aimed at Discouraging
- Page 741 and 742:
promote cost effective means of res
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authorities work jointly on a strat
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Table 52-1: Summary of Measures by
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It is illuminating to note that in
- Page 749 and 750:
737 implemented to make treatment o
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environmental projects, and 45% is
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enclosure; and ii) municipal waste
- Page 755 and 756:
52.2.4.4 Finland In 1993, two years
- Page 757 and 758:
The objectives of the waste tax are
- Page 759 and 760:
52.2.4.10 Country-specific Characte
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meant to finance the Modernisation
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751 - 1995: Publication of a regula
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esidual treatments, and thus exempt
- Page 767 and 768:
incineration facilities produce ele
- Page 769 and 770:
There are several bands in this tax
- Page 771 and 772:
educe the quantity, or improve the
- Page 773 and 774:
761 announced in the November 1995
- Page 775 and 776:
52.4 Evaluation Studies Available I
- Page 777 and 778:
disposal costs necessarily would le
- Page 779 and 780:
discernible change in the trend in
- Page 781 and 782:
A report on Finnish waste managemen
- Page 783 and 784: some cases, notably in the foundry
- Page 785 and 786: absence of any form of waste tax. F
- Page 787 and 788: Netherlands and Sweden. One might a
- Page 789 and 790: 777 ‘the amount of landfilled was
- Page 791 and 792: consequences of an incineration tax
- Page 793 and 794: 52.5.6 Reduction in Incineration As
- Page 795 and 796: environmental performance. The land
- Page 797 and 798: increase of between 30-100%. In Aus
- Page 799 and 800: emaining residual waste separately.
- Page 801 and 802: 52.11 Evasion and Enforcement 52.11
- Page 803 and 804: Table 52-7: Summary of Measures by
- Page 805 and 806: � A clear rationale for the propo
- Page 807 and 808: overall costs of household waste ma
- Page 809 and 810: 53.7 Effects on Technical Change /
- Page 811 and 812: the costs for disposal in municipal
- Page 813 and 814: 801 � Old and expired medication.
- Page 815 and 816: Even with high landfill levies, the
- Page 817 and 818: Figure 54-4: Revenues from Flemish
- Page 819 and 820: 54.11 Lessons Learned A complex sys
- Page 821 and 822: forge a genuinely ‘autonomous’
- Page 823 and 824: administrations is deemed to change
- Page 825 and 826: The desire to improve recycling per
- Page 827 and 828: Table 55-2: BMW Landfilled in Engla
- Page 829 and 830: 55.6 Implementation Costs The inten
- Page 831 and 832: context of UK waste management wher
- Page 833: During 2007/08, the Environment Age
- Page 837 and 838: need to consider not just ‘policy
- Page 839 and 840: In the above scenario, with capture
- Page 841 and 842: 829 figures include nappies, as is
- Page 843 and 844: of the order 65% would reduce the q
- Page 845 and 846: 56.2 Proposed Policies to Deal with
- Page 847 and 848: 2) Incineration, Incineration, Inci
- Page 849 and 850: Table 56-1: Levies Proposed in RIA,
- Page 851 and 852: 839 dramatically reduced by margina
- Page 853 and 854: 4) Combustible waste 5) Waste excee
- Page 855 and 856: 843 Ew means annual energy containe
- Page 857 and 858: OTHER POLICIES 845 International Re
- Page 859 and 860: 57.2 Benefits of Green Procurement
- Page 861 and 862: what can, and what cannot be done,
- Page 863 and 864: In light of the renewed EU Sustaina
- Page 865 and 866: WRAP WRAP WRAP The greening of serv
- Page 867 and 868: 57.4.3 Washington State Recycling a
- Page 869 and 870: ecommendation to do so in 2003 via
- Page 871 and 872: 859 environment into public procure
- Page 873 and 874: has created a ‘level playing fiel
- Page 875 and 876: Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No.850
- Page 877 and 878: epresentations in relation to this
- Page 879 and 880: TARGET SETTING 867 International Re
- Page 881 and 882: specific actors, or failing that, t
- Page 883 and 884: policy has not been sufficiently re
- Page 885 and 886:
873 ban only ensures the best use o
- Page 887 and 888:
ecent reports from PROGNOS, the EEA
- Page 889 and 890:
877 � Separate collection at the
- Page 891 and 892:
achieves this rate country wide. So
- Page 893 and 894:
Figure 59-3: Recycling Rates Around
- Page 895 and 896:
Box 2: Recycling Centres in Upper A
- Page 897 and 898:
Source: Eunomia (2007) Scoping new
- Page 899 and 900:
Figure 59-8: Recycling Rates Achiev
- Page 901 and 902:
absolute terms, i.e. in terms of we
- Page 903 and 904:
verbrandbaar bouw- en sloopafval”
- Page 905 and 906:
Figure 59-10: Flanders Residual Was
- Page 907 and 908:
there does appear to have been a sl
- Page 909 and 910:
Figure 59-12: Residual Waste per In
- Page 911 and 912:
899 • The total ‘better than ta
- Page 913 and 914:
GRANT FUNDING 901 International Rev
- Page 915 and 916:
NDP 2000-2006 Waste management & wa
- Page 917 and 918:
authority projects approved for ass
- Page 919 and 920:
previously been available for such
- Page 921 and 922:
Table 60-1: Environment Fund Income
- Page 923 and 924:
een provided are available in the E
- Page 925 and 926:
additional 10% must be met by anoth
- Page 927 and 928:
Management Board (CIWMB) provide gr
- Page 929 and 930:
in place. This is very often to ena
- Page 931 and 932:
However, earmarking reduces flexibi
- Page 933 and 934:
60.8 Approach to Evaluating Effects
- Page 935 and 936:
There is evidence to suggest that e
- Page 937 and 938:
925 � undertaking research on qua
- Page 939 and 940:
60.12 Lessons Learned The Flemish P
- Page 941 and 942:
929 might be axed in times of fundi
- Page 943 and 944:
61.0 Appraisal of Residual Waste Tr
- Page 945 and 946:
933 � Biogas for vehicle fuels?
- Page 947 and 948:
at landfill and incineration, but a
- Page 949 and 950:
handle. The choice of discount rate
- Page 951 and 952:
Other key variables of importance i
- Page 953 and 954:
treatment may give rise to damages,
- Page 955 and 956:
1. As described above (for basic st
- Page 957 and 958:
In addition to these UK focused stu
- Page 959 and 960:
Table 61-1: Externality Values for
- Page 961 and 962:
Transport externalities were incorp
- Page 963 and 964:
arrive at a ‘best estimate’ of
- Page 965 and 966:
than greenhouse gases. This is hard
- Page 967 and 968:
production, but mainly the much low
- Page 969 and 970:
Table 61-5: Summary of externality
- Page 971 and 972:
The second report, on the potential
- Page 973 and 974:
961 also given the fact that the st
- Page 975 and 976:
61.4 Concluding Remarks on the Lite
- Page 977 and 978:
965 associated with fuel used withi
- Page 979 and 980:
kg kg CO2 CO2 eq. eq. 62.1.1.2 Glob
- Page 981 and 982:
These results suggest a significant
- Page 983 and 984:
kg kg SO2 SO2 eq. eq. The results s
- Page 985 and 986:
62.1.2 Summary of Results In additi
- Page 987 and 988:
DALY, DALY, kg kg chloroethylene ch
- Page 989 and 990:
This is clearly true, not least sin
- Page 991 and 992:
979 � We have used two ‘sets’
- Page 993 and 994:
981 includes a dose-response model
- Page 995 and 996:
983 assessments is that the blanket
- Page 997 and 998:
our analysis, as well as those asso
- Page 999 and 1000:
Table 63-2: Emissions Avoided Throu
- Page 1001 and 1002:
the Swedish ORWARE model for contro
- Page 1003 and 1004:
instantaneous collection rates for
- Page 1005 and 1006:
etween 0.1 to 5 l CH4/m 2*h, so tha
- Page 1007 and 1008:
include up to 150 substances includ
- Page 1009 and 1010:
63.2.2.2 Landfill of Pre-treated Wa
- Page 1011 and 1012:
63.3.1.1 Energy Use at Incineration
- Page 1013 and 1014:
of a thermal efficiency of 84% and
- Page 1015 and 1016:
1003 data obtained from plant opera
- Page 1017 and 1018:
Table 63-13: Air Quality Externalit
- Page 1019 and 1020:
1007 1. Energy used within the trea
- Page 1021 and 1022:
1009 � Optimised biofilter; and
- Page 1023 and 1024:
Table 63-18: Results with Low Exter
- Page 1025 and 1026:
Table 63-19: Emissions Associated w
- Page 1027 and 1028:
metal, the production of which cons
- Page 1029 and 1030:
The two processes have similar envi
- Page 1031 and 1032:
Eunomia. 1263 The principal climate
- Page 1033 and 1034:
Figure 63-1: N-balance of a One Ste
- Page 1035 and 1036:
It should be noted that bioaerosols
- Page 1037 and 1038:
Table 63-27: Summary of Damage Cost
- Page 1039 and 1040:
If the biogas is cleaned of impurit
- Page 1041 and 1042:
the source of the natural gas, and
- Page 1043 and 1044:
Table 63-34: Summary of Damage Cost
- Page 1045 and 1046:
64.0 Costs of Household Waste Colle
- Page 1047 and 1048:
Within the following section we ass
- Page 1049 and 1050:
in place). It is possible to sense-
- Page 1051 and 1052:
Table 64-4: Household Annual Collec
- Page 1053 and 1054:
Table 64-6: Interpretation of WRAP
- Page 1055 and 1056:
1043 � Refuse collected weekly in
- Page 1057 and 1058:
The nature of these authorities the
- Page 1059 and 1060:
64.5 Collection Modelling for Irela
- Page 1061 and 1062:
ignore, however, is that whilst cos
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