International Review of Waste Management Policy - Department of ...

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ii 32.0 Levy on Waste Paints - International......................................................................... 529 33.0 Circular WPPR 17/08 - Ireland .................................................................................. 533 34.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (Household Waste) - International......................... 543 35.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (Commercial and Industrial Waste) - International 564 36.0 Product Standards: Biowaste Treatment Products - International.......................... 570 37.0 Animal By–Products Regulations – Ireland .............................................................. 588 38.0 Policies For Dealing With Junk Mail........................................................................... 598 CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION AND AND AND DEMOLITION DEMOLITION DEMOLITION WASTE WASTE................................ WASTE WASTE................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ............................................. ................................ ............. .............604 ............. 604 604 39.0 Review of Irish Policy, Construction & Demolition Waste ........................................ 605 40.0 National Construction and Demolition Waste Council - Ireland .............................. 608 41.0 Landfill Levy - Ireland.................................................................................................. 616 42.0 C & D Waste Management Plan Guidelines - Ireland............................................... 626 43.0 Site Waste Management Plans - International ......................................................... 632 44.0 Waste Facility Permit Regulations - Ireland .............................................................. 644 45.0 Demolition Protocol - UK ............................................................................................ 650 46.0 Tax on Aggregates - International .............................................................................. 653 47.0 Product Standards for Aggregates - International .................................................... 667 48.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (Construction and Demolition Waste) - International 673 49.0 Incentives Affecting Construction and Demolition Waste - Belgium ....................... 690 50.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (Construction and Demolition Waste) - Germany. 691 POLICIES POLICIES FOR FOR RESIDUAL RESIDUAL WASTE WASTE ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ............................................................ ................................ ............................ ............................693 ............................ 693 51.0 The Landfill Directive – Current Situation................................................................. 694 52.0 Policies Aimed at Discouraging Disposal .................................................................. 727 53.0 Landfill Ban (German Case Study)............................................................................. 794 54.0 Waste Levies and Bans (Belgium-Flanders Case Study) ......................................... 800 55.0 Landfill Allowance Schemes (UK) .............................................................................. 808 56.0 Proposed Policy Changes ........................................................................................... 824 OTHER OTHER POLICIES POLICIES................................ POLICIES POLICIES................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ...................................................... ................................ ...................... ......................845 ...................... 845 845 57.0 Green Public Procurement ......................................................................................... 846 58.0 Ireland and the UNECE / Stockholm Conventions ................................................... 862 TARGET TARGET SETTING SETTING................................ SETTING SETTING................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ..................................................... ................................ ..................... .....................867 ..................... 867 59.0 Target Setting.............................................................................................................. 868 GRANT GRANT GRANT FUNDING FUNDING................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ..................................................... ................................ ..................... .....................901 ..................... 901 60.0 Grant Funding ............................................................................................................. 902 29/09/09
TECHNICAL TECHNICAL ANNEXES ANNEXES................................ ANNEXES ANNEXES................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................................................ ................................ ................................ ............................................. ................................ ............. ............. 930 930 930 iii 61.0 Appraisal of Residual Waste Treatment Options...................................................... 931 62.0 Life-cycle Assessment of Residual Waste Treatment Technologies ....................... 964 63.0 Externalities of Waste Management Options ........................................................... 978 64.0 Costs of Household Waste Collection .....................................................................1033 International Review of Waste Policy: Annexes
Page 1: International Review of Waste Manag
Page 4 and 5: 29/09/09
Page 8 and 9: Glossary of Acronyms iv 29/09/09 AB
Page 10 and 11: vi 29/09/09 MSW Municipal solid was
Page 13 and 14: WASTE POLICIES - EXISTING FRAMEWORK
Page 15 and 16: 3 departing from the hierarchy wher
Page 17 and 18: 7. The inclusion of measures to pre
Page 19 and 20: 7 Reuse; Reuse; Reuse; for example
Page 21 and 22: ut both grow. “Absolute decouplin
Page 23 and 24: 1.4 Waste Recycling and Composting
Page 25 and 26: 13 waste from these sources. Member
Page 27 and 28: Management (Food Waste) Regulations
Page 29 and 30: 17 Such measures may include an acc
Page 31 and 32: 19 � endeavour to reduce the use
Page 33 and 34: 21 the European Union. Apart from l
Page 35 and 36: 23 1. Member States shall set up a
Page 37 and 38: 1.6 The Incineration Directive The
Page 39 and 40: 1.7 The UNECE / Stockholm Conventio
Page 41 and 42: 29 � Lindane to Annex A; � Pent
Page 43 and 44: 2.0 Policy Instruments for Waste Ma
Page 45 and 46: 33 agencies), and occasionally unde
Page 47 and 48: Mechanisms which operate through th
Page 49 and 50: identical, but in practice they hav
Page 51 and 52: 39 that firms may still need to be
Page 53 and 54: 41 � Recycling investment tax cre
Page 55 and 56: 43 � Lack of communication betwee
Page 57 and 58:
3.2 Issues with Current Situation I
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47 Greenstar claims that when the l
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3.3 Market Failure Currently in Ire
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51 franchise agreements reduce the
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as set out by the EU is limited in
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The beneficial network effects, or
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3.6 Recommendations What is often d
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59 which was designed to reflect a
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61 1. Whether the private sector ha
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4.0 The Role of Local Authorities 4
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that there have been no significant
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Local authorities have no obvious m
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introduced (and under which, they w
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71 International Review of Waste Po
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statutory waste management plans. I
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Each region has devised, and period
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uneconomic infrastructure and regio
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79 programme of measures to achieve
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Waste referred to in paragraph 1 is
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It is suggested that the regions sh
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6.0 Review of Irish Policy on Preve
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2. High quality data relating to wa
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company linked to the municipality
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infrastructure with a high emphasis
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93 and liaise with local authoritie
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To date the Market Development Grou
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Table 6-1: Generation of Municipal
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No adjustment was made to the proje
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whilst initiatives for unsolicited
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7.0 Pay-By-Use - Ireland 7.1 Outlin
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One of the waste management commitm
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eporting in the Annual National Was
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109 � In the absence of a kerbsid
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in case study areas, and an increas
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shifts/by separate staff, which in
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not reflected in reduced costs to c
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extent to which this compromises an
Page 131 and 132:
and residual waste fee not so great
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121 � Choosing collection schemes
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8.3 Key Organisations Involved in I
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of material generated as waste (sin
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Figure 8-2: Balance of Costs and Be
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counterfactual. This type of approa
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131 � Bin-volume based (i.e. wher
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133 � Sack-based schemes with cha
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Table 8-4: Costs under Flat Rate Fe
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to this type of abuse given a) its
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the effect of certain variables on
Page 153 and 154:
effects are not always verifiable i
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A French study (results shown in Fi
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Therefore, it would seem reasonable
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In many jurisdictions, where the pr
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149 “M&S [Marks & Spencer] sell t
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cost of residual waste treatment is
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eduction in waste quantities. The m
Page 167 and 168:
A useful report on illegal dumping,
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Generally, the view which prevails
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9.0 Pay-by-use - Germany 9.1 Outlin
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Table 9-2: Charges for Residual Was
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163 Environmental Advisors (Sachver
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Figure 9-2: Quantities of Residual
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The bulky waste collections, Figure
Page 181 and 182:
The net effect of these changes for
Page 183 and 184:
the market such as waste sluices (e
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Prior to the system’s introductio
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The case of Schweinfurt is truly ou
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10.1.2 Approaches to Selective Coll
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10.4 Key Organisations Involved in
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FOST-Plus reports the following col
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to recover costs in such a way that
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11.0 Landfill Levy - Ireland 11.1 O
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187 � Landfill operators. Local A
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Table 11-2: Trends in Household Was
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191 • The effects of the Repak Pa
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positive. In 2007, of the €32,398
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11.8 Response from Public and Indus
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When the landfill levy was first in
Page 211 and 212:
12.0 Producer Responsibility, Packa
Page 213 and 214:
Although the European legislation d
Page 215 and 216:
Table 12-1: Distribution of Respons
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205 (v) 15% by weight for wood, sup
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207 Companies that supply packaging
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Data from both Repak and self-compl
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Table 12-3: Average Compound Rate o
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The EEA report identifies the role
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The same study went on to highlight
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217 materials at source, effectivel
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and processors). In terms of the re
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Repak members, and non-major produc
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In their submission of information
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225 a. Direct costs of compliance (
Page 239 and 240:
As noted above, there are differenc
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Directive. The current Regulations
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each year by an Industrial Structur
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generally cheaper to collect as it
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Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands
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Figure 13-1: Packaging Recycling an
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Country Country 241 % % of of colle
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It can be seen that against this me
Page 257 and 258:
Figure 13-4: German License Fees Pa
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This is likely to have been depende
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Table 13-9: Financing Sources for R
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iv) Operational Operational Operati
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Table 14-2: Operators of Dual Syste
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provided by the DSD. Through the DS
Page 271 and 272:
Following a poll in 2004, it became
Page 273 and 274:
packaging has to be licensed by the
Page 275 and 276:
15.0 Producer Responsibility - Flan
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265 � The industrial federations
Page 279 and 280:
used to reimburse (inter)municipali
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Consumers can bring old and expired
Page 283 and 284:
15.3.7 Waste Tyres The implementati
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273 � which treatment facilities
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VALORFRIT reimburses the municipali
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Figure 15-3: Belgian Packaging Wast
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279 � Widespread use of PBU; �
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Figure 15-4: Collection for Recycli
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283 � by January 2015, reuse and
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RECUPEL has continually sampled 5 %
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is currently being performed to ide
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Table 15-7 Green Dot Fees for Packa
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Moreover, the provisions of BEBAT n
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293 • All other types of oil gene
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procedure. It would be considerably
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16.0 Deposit Refund Systems - Inter
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same order as the cost savings from
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Country Country System System Year
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Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
NT$13.01 per kg (US$0.39 at January
Page 323 and 324:
collectors. These super-collectors
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A study in 2002 reviewed the outcom
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315 The existing studies show that
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Figure 16-2: Performance of US Stat
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Figure 16-5: Return Percentages of
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This is not to deny the possibility
Page 335 and 336:
323 in in in packaging, packaging,
Page 337 and 338:
harm caused by plastics in the mari
Page 339 and 340:
327 Deposit containers would be tra
Page 341 and 342:
have to be compared with the costs
Page 343 and 344:
Of particular interest are some of
Page 345 and 346:
Figure 16-7: Economic Cost per Tonn
Page 347 and 348:
One of the concerns within Europe h
Page 349 and 350:
(e.g. brought from Germany) so that
Page 351 and 352:
Another pre-requisite, partly becau
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341 International Review of Waste P
Page 355 and 356:
343 � Council of Environmental Ad
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step towards turning people away fr
Page 359 and 360:
The sectors that profited from the
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349 � Willingness of the industry
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Green-Schools is run by An Taisce f
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18.3 When was the Policy Introduced
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355 � Green Homes: The Green Home
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Figure 18-1: Green Homes Research -
Page 371 and 372:
composter. There are similar saving
Page 373 and 374:
information on the various themes i
Page 375 and 376:
Producers must register with the na
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365 • 2008: The Waste Management
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367 • Approved producer complianc
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the generation of electrical and el
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80% of WEEE primary processing take
Page 385 and 386:
outed to charities and schools to d
Page 387 and 388:
since June 2006 to guide and co-ord
Page 389 and 390:
377 � Category 10 - Automatic dis
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table are the ‘2008 Review of Dir
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National National Register Register
Page 395 and 396:
383 � The financial structures as
Page 397 and 398:
purchased), though some offer it vo
Page 399 and 400:
In order to facilitate their financ
Page 401 and 402:
that product, the risk that the mat
Page 403 and 404:
particular streams of WEEE. For exa
Page 405 and 406:
Table 20-2 gives the amount of each
Page 407 and 408:
demand that the receiving facilitie
Page 409 and 410:
Table 20-3: Range of Total Costs fo
Page 411 and 412:
kg), and a TV (15 kg), finding the
Page 413 and 414:
20.10 Lessons Learned Administrativ
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Historical and ‘orphan’ waste,
Page 417 and 418:
in 2012. Hence, the revision may im
Page 419 and 420:
equipment. Furthermore producers do
Page 421 and 422:
409 � 31 st December 2005: Almost
Page 423 and 424:
411 � Regarding “new” WEEE (e
Page 425 and 426:
ate of WEEE collected after the int
Page 427 and 428:
A serious problem is the illegal ex
Page 429 and 430:
22.0 Producer Responsibility, ELVs
Page 431 and 432:
practice previously resulted in the
Page 433 and 434:
421 of that producer's brand or for
Page 435 and 436:
Ireland would be able to meet the r
Page 437 and 438:
22.6.2 Environmental Benefits Assoc
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According to this paper: 427 � Th
Page 441 and 442:
oth pieces of legislation is to res
Page 443 and 444:
23.0 Producer Responsibility, ELVs
Page 445 and 446:
driven the reclamation industry to
Page 447 and 448:
23.2.7 Country-specific Characteris
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Page 451 and 452:
In addition to the benefits associa
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key reports highlight the importanc
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Government in the form of additiona
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affected. In any event, the effect
Page 459 and 460:
447 happen and because a reasonable
Page 461 and 462:
24.2 Policy Context and Reason for
Page 463 and 464:
time of writing, though it is under
Page 465 and 466:
24.7 Environmental Benefits The Bat
Page 467 and 468:
24.11 Social and Distributional Con
Page 469 and 470:
25.0 Producer Responsibility, Batte
Page 471 and 472:
459 � The competent authorities s
Page 473 and 474:
1995. 537 This proliferation is pri
Page 475 and 476:
463 � Countries where separate co
Page 477 and 478:
This has been possible under a broa
Page 479 and 480:
specific battery types, they might
Page 481 and 482:
For automotive and industrial batte
Page 483 and 484:
25.6.1.2 Retailer Take-back Schemes
Page 485 and 486:
Table 25-5: Average Cost per Kilogr
Page 487 and 488:
effectively be financed at a cost o
Page 489 and 490:
Collection methods in Europe have p
Page 491 and 492:
26.2 Reasons for the Policy Accordi
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Figure 26-2: German Battery Composi
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26.11 Evasion and Enforcement The c
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27.0 Plastic Bag Levy - Ireland 27.
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27.5.1 Evaluation Studies Available
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491 � Retailers find the effects
Page 505 and 506:
ags in 2003, compared with 36% in 1
Page 507 and 508:
27.10 Social and Distributional Con
Page 509 and 510:
27.14 Lessons Learned 27.14.1 Gener
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499 � Higher rates of recycling;
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Table 28-2: The Organisation of the
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same period of 9.8%. 600 The Danish
Page 517 and 518:
that only 8,000-10,000 businesses w
Page 519 and 520:
28.12 Lessons Learned The Danish sc
Page 521 and 522:
a government body, the revenue is
Page 523 and 524:
511 � Lubricating oil; � Antifr
Page 525 and 526:
Considering the impact on the consu
Page 527 and 528:
30.0 Product Taxes - Belgium 30.1 O
Page 529 and 530:
and the Minister of Economic Affair
Page 531 and 532:
Figure 30-1: Market Data on Single
Page 533 and 534:
In order to achieve these targets,
Page 535 and 536:
ecycling targets is partly linked t
Page 537 and 538:
31.0 Plastic Bag Bans - Internation
Page 539 and 540:
31.5 Environmental Benefits Environ
Page 541 and 542:
32.0 Levy on Waste Paints - Interna
Page 543 and 544:
The report concluded that total emp
Page 545 and 546:
33.0 Circular WPPR 17/08 - Ireland
Page 547 and 548:
private sector operators incur cost
Page 549 and 550:
the organic waste fraction is no mo
Page 551 and 552:
investments are utilised, will be i
Page 553 and 554:
33.12 Complementary Policies Comple
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34.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (H
Page 557 and 558:
paper/cardboard, metals (aluminium
Page 559 and 560:
England and Wales (United Kingdom)
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householder/small commercial sector
Page 563 and 564:
government is responsible for the w
Page 565 and 566:
Indeed, there are clearly synergies
Page 567 and 568:
strengthened as the increased costs
Page 569 and 570:
from 15.4 % in 1994 to 49.2 % in 20
Page 571 and 572:
materials. 675 Thus complementary p
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34.9 Effect of the Policy on Pricin
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� Strong industrial support via p
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municipality) unless it is composte
Page 579 and 580:
City of Portland, Oregon (USA) The
Page 581 and 582:
waste from manufacturing industries
Page 583 and 584:
Page 585 and 586:
solid pre-requisite for the product
Page 587 and 588:
575 However, pending the adoption o
Page 589 and 590:
where the abovementioned statutory
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36.5 Environmental Benefits The env
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Table 36-2 Amount (‘000 tonnes) o
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separated kitchen and garden waste,
Page 597 and 598:
36.9 Effect of the Policy on Pricin
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product, especially when bioactive
Page 601 and 602:
589 risk of contamination with othe
Page 603 and 604:
Page 605 and 606:
37.6.1 Environmental Benefits - Pre
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For proposed new composting facilit
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597 • The contaminated batch and
Page 611 and 612:
Table 38-1: Junk Mail Policies Name
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them to increase efforts at suppres
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Table 38-3: Cost Savings from Junk
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39.0 Review of Irish Policy, Constr
Page 619 and 620:
39.1.2 Recycling of C&D Waste - Gen
Page 621 and 622:
40.3 When was the Policy Introduced
Page 623 and 624:
out in national policy and in the i
Page 625 and 626:
currently working in this area and
Page 627 and 628:
goals that are shared by the Nation
Page 629 and 630:
617 waste minimisation and recyclin
Page 631 and 632:
41.7 Environmental Benefits The rev
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to 2 per cent of the landfill levy,
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623 � the name of the accountable
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625 initiatives. In other words, th
Page 639 and 640:
environmental protection and optimu
Page 641 and 642:
The NCDWC had a high level of suppo
Page 643 and 644:
42.15 Lessons Learned For the purpo
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mandatory to varying degrees in Eng
Page 647 and 648:
Japan 635 � Monitoring and auditi
Page 649 and 650:
Hong Kong Industry surveying and in
Page 651 and 652:
Table 43-1: Estimated Total Cost of
Page 653 and 654:
43.8 Social and Distributional Cons
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short time frame over which it has
Page 657 and 658:
In December 2007, Mr. John Gormley,
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647 of waste recovered at the facil
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44.13 Effect of the Policy on Prici
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implementing and managing the Proto
Page 665 and 666:
46.0 Tax on Aggregates - Internatio
Page 667 and 668:
The UK’s ‘Aggregate Levy’ app
Page 669 and 670:
The following study is a comparison
Page 671 and 672:
The intention to implement a landfi
Page 673 and 674:
has encouraged innovation in recycl
Page 675 and 676:
46.9.1 Quality Standards European S
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665 � if one fails to deregister,
Page 679 and 680:
47.0 Product Standards for Aggregat
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It lays down regulations and standa
Page 683 and 684:
has been recognised that recycled o
Page 685 and 686:
48.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (C
Page 687 and 688:
Companies are obliged to either sep
Page 689 and 690:
Table 48-2: Construction and Demoli
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Construction and demolition project
Page 693 and 694:
Belgium Following Article 16 in Cha
Page 695 and 696:
The UK Environment Agency have buil
Page 697 and 698:
during Construction Work came into
Page 699 and 700:
codes. For example, Korea introduce
Page 701 and 702:
In Japan, the lead contractor is re
Page 703 and 704:
50.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (C
Page 705 and 706:
POLICIES FOR RESIDUAL WASTE 693 Int
Page 707 and 708:
695 advance the Commission of their
Page 709 and 710:
have stabilised over the last six y
Page 711 and 712:
ased instruments, or through regula
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Figure 51-4: Materials Captured (re
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200,000 tonnes, though some of this
Page 717 and 718:
tonnes early in 2010, and as much a
Page 719 and 720:
We discuss the matters further belo
Page 721 and 722:
as was made clear above, the inclus
Page 723 and 724:
51.4.2.3 Comment on Targets A conce
Page 725 and 726:
seem that there is little or no bas
Page 727 and 728:
It acknowledges the role of a numbe
Page 729 and 730:
The proposed minimum pre-treatment
Page 731 and 732:
719 The introduction of this measur
Page 733 and 734:
The growing strength of these inter
Page 735 and 736:
It goes on: 723 fully stabilised wa
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of electricity consumption from ren
Page 739 and 740:
52.0 Policies Aimed at Discouraging
Page 741 and 742:
promote cost effective means of res
Page 743 and 744:
authorities work jointly on a strat
Page 745 and 746:
Table 52-1: Summary of Measures by
Page 747 and 748:
It is illuminating to note that in
Page 749 and 750:
737 implemented to make treatment o
Page 751 and 752:
environmental projects, and 45% is
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enclosure; and ii) municipal waste
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52.2.4.4 Finland In 1993, two years
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The objectives of the waste tax are
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52.2.4.10 Country-specific Characte
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meant to finance the Modernisation
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751 - 1995: Publication of a regula
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esidual treatments, and thus exempt
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incineration facilities produce ele
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There are several bands in this tax
Page 771 and 772:
educe the quantity, or improve the
Page 773 and 774:
761 announced in the November 1995
Page 775 and 776:
52.4 Evaluation Studies Available I
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disposal costs necessarily would le
Page 779 and 780:
discernible change in the trend in
Page 781 and 782:
A report on Finnish waste managemen
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some cases, notably in the foundry
Page 785 and 786:
absence of any form of waste tax. F
Page 787 and 788:
Netherlands and Sweden. One might a
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777 ‘the amount of landfilled was
Page 791 and 792:
consequences of an incineration tax
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52.5.6 Reduction in Incineration As
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environmental performance. The land
Page 797 and 798:
increase of between 30-100%. In Aus
Page 799 and 800:
emaining residual waste separately.
Page 801 and 802:
52.11 Evasion and Enforcement 52.11
Page 803 and 804:
Table 52-7: Summary of Measures by
Page 805 and 806:
� A clear rationale for the propo
Page 807 and 808:
overall costs of household waste ma
Page 809 and 810:
53.7 Effects on Technical Change /
Page 811 and 812:
the costs for disposal in municipal
Page 813 and 814:
801 � Old and expired medication.
Page 815 and 816:
Even with high landfill levies, the
Page 817 and 818:
Figure 54-4: Revenues from Flemish
Page 819 and 820:
54.11 Lessons Learned A complex sys
Page 821 and 822:
forge a genuinely ‘autonomous’
Page 823 and 824:
administrations is deemed to change
Page 825 and 826:
The desire to improve recycling per
Page 827 and 828:
Table 55-2: BMW Landfilled in Engla
Page 829 and 830:
55.6 Implementation Costs The inten
Page 831 and 832:
context of UK waste management wher
Page 833 and 834:
During 2007/08, the Environment Age
Page 835 and 836:
823 � Market-relevant information
Page 837 and 838:
need to consider not just ‘policy
Page 839 and 840:
In the above scenario, with capture
Page 841 and 842:
829 figures include nappies, as is
Page 843 and 844:
of the order 65% would reduce the q
Page 845 and 846:
56.2 Proposed Policies to Deal with
Page 847 and 848:
2) Incineration, Incineration, Inci
Page 849 and 850:
Table 56-1: Levies Proposed in RIA,
Page 851 and 852:
839 dramatically reduced by margina
Page 853 and 854:
4) Combustible waste 5) Waste excee
Page 855 and 856:
843 Ew means annual energy containe
Page 857 and 858:
OTHER POLICIES 845 International Re
Page 859 and 860:
57.2 Benefits of Green Procurement
Page 861 and 862:
what can, and what cannot be done,
Page 863 and 864:
In light of the renewed EU Sustaina
Page 865 and 866:
WRAP WRAP WRAP The greening of serv
Page 867 and 868:
57.4.3 Washington State Recycling a
Page 869 and 870:
ecommendation to do so in 2003 via
Page 871 and 872:
859 environment into public procure
Page 873 and 874:
has created a ‘level playing fiel
Page 875 and 876:
Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No.850
Page 877 and 878:
epresentations in relation to this
Page 879 and 880:
TARGET SETTING 867 International Re
Page 881 and 882:
specific actors, or failing that, t
Page 883 and 884:
policy has not been sufficiently re
Page 885 and 886:
873 ban only ensures the best use o
Page 887 and 888:
ecent reports from PROGNOS, the EEA
Page 889 and 890:
877 � Separate collection at the
Page 891 and 892:
achieves this rate country wide. So
Page 893 and 894:
Figure 59-3: Recycling Rates Around
Page 895 and 896:
Box 2: Recycling Centres in Upper A
Page 897 and 898:
Source: Eunomia (2007) Scoping new
Page 899 and 900:
Figure 59-8: Recycling Rates Achiev
Page 901 and 902:
absolute terms, i.e. in terms of we
Page 903 and 904:
verbrandbaar bouw- en sloopafval”
Page 905 and 906:
Figure 59-10: Flanders Residual Was
Page 907 and 908:
there does appear to have been a sl
Page 909 and 910:
Figure 59-12: Residual Waste per In
Page 911 and 912:
899 • The total ‘better than ta
Page 913 and 914:
GRANT FUNDING 901 International Rev
Page 915 and 916:
NDP 2000-2006 Waste management & wa
Page 917 and 918:
authority projects approved for ass
Page 919 and 920:
previously been available for such
Page 921 and 922:
Table 60-1: Environment Fund Income
Page 923 and 924:
een provided are available in the E
Page 925 and 926:
additional 10% must be met by anoth
Page 927 and 928:
Management Board (CIWMB) provide gr
Page 929 and 930:
in place. This is very often to ena
Page 931 and 932:
However, earmarking reduces flexibi
Page 933 and 934:
60.8 Approach to Evaluating Effects
Page 935 and 936:
There is evidence to suggest that e
Page 937 and 938:
925 � undertaking research on qua
Page 939 and 940:
60.12 Lessons Learned The Flemish P
Page 941 and 942:
929 might be axed in times of fundi
Page 943 and 944:
61.0 Appraisal of Residual Waste Tr
Page 945 and 946:
933 � Biogas for vehicle fuels?
Page 947 and 948:
at landfill and incineration, but a
Page 949 and 950:
handle. The choice of discount rate
Page 951 and 952:
Other key variables of importance i
Page 953 and 954:
treatment may give rise to damages,
Page 955 and 956:
1. As described above (for basic st
Page 957 and 958:
In addition to these UK focused stu
Page 959 and 960:
Table 61-1: Externality Values for
Page 961 and 962:
Transport externalities were incorp
Page 963 and 964:
arrive at a ‘best estimate’ of
Page 965 and 966:
than greenhouse gases. This is hard
Page 967 and 968:
production, but mainly the much low
Page 969 and 970:
Table 61-5: Summary of externality
Page 971 and 972:
The second report, on the potential
Page 973 and 974:
961 also given the fact that the st
Page 975 and 976:
61.4 Concluding Remarks on the Lite
Page 977 and 978:
965 associated with fuel used withi
Page 979 and 980:
kg kg CO2 CO2 eq. eq. 62.1.1.2 Glob
Page 981 and 982:
These results suggest a significant
Page 983 and 984:
kg kg SO2 SO2 eq. eq. The results s
Page 985 and 986:
62.1.2 Summary of Results In additi
Page 987 and 988:
DALY, DALY, kg kg chloroethylene ch
Page 989 and 990:
This is clearly true, not least sin
Page 991 and 992:
979 � We have used two ‘sets’
Page 993 and 994:
981 includes a dose-response model
Page 995 and 996:
983 assessments is that the blanket
Page 997 and 998:
our analysis, as well as those asso
Page 999 and 1000:
Table 63-2: Emissions Avoided Throu
Page 1001 and 1002:
the Swedish ORWARE model for contro
Page 1003 and 1004:
instantaneous collection rates for
Page 1005 and 1006:
etween 0.1 to 5 l CH4/m 2*h, so tha
Page 1007 and 1008:
include up to 150 substances includ
Page 1009 and 1010:
63.2.2.2 Landfill of Pre-treated Wa
Page 1011 and 1012:
63.3.1.1 Energy Use at Incineration
Page 1013 and 1014:
of a thermal efficiency of 84% and
Page 1015 and 1016:
1003 data obtained from plant opera
Page 1017 and 1018:
Table 63-13: Air Quality Externalit
Page 1019 and 1020:
1007 1. Energy used within the trea
Page 1021 and 1022:
1009 � Optimised biofilter; and
Page 1023 and 1024:
Table 63-18: Results with Low Exter
Page 1025 and 1026:
Table 63-19: Emissions Associated w
Page 1027 and 1028:
metal, the production of which cons
Page 1029 and 1030:
The two processes have similar envi
Page 1031 and 1032:
Eunomia. 1263 The principal climate
Page 1033 and 1034:
Figure 63-1: N-balance of a One Ste
Page 1035 and 1036:
It should be noted that bioaerosols
Page 1037 and 1038:
Table 63-27: Summary of Damage Cost
Page 1039 and 1040:
If the biogas is cleaned of impurit
Page 1041 and 1042:
the source of the natural gas, and
Page 1043 and 1044:
Table 63-34: Summary of Damage Cost
Page 1045 and 1046:
64.0 Costs of Household Waste Colle
Page 1047 and 1048:
Within the following section we ass
Page 1049 and 1050:
in place). It is possible to sense-
Page 1051 and 1052:
Table 64-4: Household Annual Collec
Page 1053 and 1054:
Table 64-6: Interpretation of WRAP
Page 1055 and 1056:
1043 � Refuse collected weekly in
Page 1057 and 1058:
The nature of these authorities the
Page 1059 and 1060:
64.5 Collection Modelling for Irela
Page 1061 and 1062:
ignore, however, is that whilst cos
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