International Review of Waste Management Policy - Department of ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

35.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (Commercial and Industrial Waste) - International 35.1 Outline of Policy A number of countries currently employ a minimum recycling standards policy for householders, commerce and industry, and construction and demolition wastes. This section presents those minimum standards for the commercial and industrial (C&I) waste stream. Minimum recycling policies require the separate collection of a number of waste materials, with the key goals of diverting waste away from landfill and increasing material recovery. Within the EU, the implementation of such recycling standards comes under Article 3 of Directive 2006/12/EC, which specifies that Member States shall take the appropriate measures for the recovery of waste via recycling, re-use and reclamation. Outside of the EU, several places within the US have also implemented or are currently moving towards mandatory C&I recycling (see Section 35.2.1). In addition to the main EU Waste Framework Directive, the use of minimum recycling standards in Europe is also designed to meet the targets stipulated in a number of more specific EU Directives, namely the Landfill Directive, the Packaging Directive (Section 13.0), the Batteries and Accumulators Directive (Section 25.0), the WEEE Directive (Section 20.0) and the ELV Directive (Section 23.0). 35.2 Where Has the Policy Been Applied and Why? The countries that currently use a minimum recycling standard for the C&I sector include Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia and Switzerland. In addition, the city of Portland and the state of New Jersey also require a minimum recycling standard from their businesses. California (USA) is also looking to implement a mandatory commercial recycling programme. The minimum standards for C&I vary in the types and number of materials that must be source-separated, the way in which the materials must be collected and in the way that they are funded. The main country-specific policy details are discussed in Section 35.2.1. A minimum recycling standard for C&I has been implemented in these countries in order to push waste up the hierarchy away from landfill, and to increase the recovery of materials and hence reduce the need for primary material consumption. 35.2.1 Country-specific Characteristics Austria The Ordinance on the Separate Collection of Organic Wastes (Law Gazette II no. 68/1992) and the Ordinance on Compost (Law Gazette II no. 292/2001) dictate that provision is made by the municipality for a separate collection of biowaste from Austrian commercial and industrial properties (that fall under the remit of the 564 29/09/09
municipality) unless it is composted/treated onsite. In addition, these Ordinances stipulate that C&I operators are obliged to separate, where applicable, plant residues from C&I processing and from the distribution of agricultural and forestry products, and vegetable food waste from commercial enterprises. In addition, the Ordinances on Packaging (Law Gazette II No. 1996/648 and 1992/646) place financial responsibility on producers to ensure that the separate collection of glass, plastics, paper/cardboard, metals (aluminium and steel) and composites for beverages occurs from C&I as well as households. Denmark Municipalities have an obligation to provide a collection service for the following C&I waste streams: food waste from catering centres, paper/cardboard from commercial properties and transport packaging waste. In turn, C&I operators in Denmark have a responsibility to ensure that they separate out their food, paper, cardboard, and plastic transport packaging waste streams where applicable. There are also some specific-industry examples where certain additional streams must be sourceseparated such as steel drums and impregnated wood. Finland Paper must be separately collected by C&I waste producers. In Helsinki, any premises comprising more than four dwellings and any major C&I generators of paper and cardboard are provided with a collection service by the municipality. 685 Germany The separate collection of glass, paper/cardboard, plastics, tinplate, aluminium and composites has been required from C&I waste in Germany since 2002. In addition, the Biowaste Ordinance (1998) sets out the requirement for the separate collection of biowaste from C&I waste where applicable, to ensure that only biodegradable waste with a low pollutant content is used in fertiliser following composting or fermentation. Companies are obliged to either separate their own waste and have it collected, or commit their waste to special commercial waste sorting facilities. The Netherlands The Separate Collection of Commercial/Industrial Waste Programme sets out that paper, cardboard and packaging must be separated by C&I waste producers for recycling in the Netherlands. Companies must arrange for these waste streams to be separately collected. In addition, glass, plastic, organics, wood, textiles and metals must also be collected where it is ‘reasonably practicable’ to do so. The obligation to separate is currently specified in the C&I Environmental Licence, though this Licence 685 J. Saarela (2004) Wastes In Finland and Waste Management Strategies in Helsinki Metropolitan Area, available at http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=80498 565 International Review of Waste Policy: Annexes
Page 1:
International Review of Waste Manag
Page 4 and 5:
29/09/09
Page 6 and 7:
ii 32.0 Levy on Waste Paints - Inte
Page 8 and 9:
Glossary of Acronyms iv 29/09/09 AB
Page 10 and 11:
vi 29/09/09 MSW Municipal solid was
Page 13 and 14:
WASTE POLICIES - EXISTING FRAMEWORK
Page 15 and 16:
3 departing from the hierarchy wher
Page 17 and 18:
7. The inclusion of measures to pre
Page 19 and 20:
7 Reuse; Reuse; Reuse; for example
Page 21 and 22:
ut both grow. “Absolute decouplin
Page 23 and 24:
1.4 Waste Recycling and Composting
Page 25 and 26:
13 waste from these sources. Member
Page 27 and 28:
Management (Food Waste) Regulations
Page 29 and 30:
17 Such measures may include an acc
Page 31 and 32:
19 � endeavour to reduce the use
Page 33 and 34:
21 the European Union. Apart from l
Page 35 and 36:
23 1. Member States shall set up a
Page 37 and 38:
1.6 The Incineration Directive The
Page 39 and 40:
1.7 The UNECE / Stockholm Conventio
Page 41 and 42:
29 � Lindane to Annex A; � Pent
Page 43 and 44:
2.0 Policy Instruments for Waste Ma
Page 45 and 46:
33 agencies), and occasionally unde
Page 47 and 48:
Mechanisms which operate through th
Page 49 and 50:
identical, but in practice they hav
Page 51 and 52:
39 that firms may still need to be
Page 53 and 54:
41 � Recycling investment tax cre
Page 55 and 56:
43 � Lack of communication betwee
Page 57 and 58:
3.2 Issues with Current Situation I
Page 59 and 60:
47 Greenstar claims that when the l
Page 61 and 62:
3.3 Market Failure Currently in Ire
Page 63 and 64:
51 franchise agreements reduce the
Page 65 and 66:
as set out by the EU is limited in
Page 67 and 68:
The beneficial network effects, or
Page 69 and 70:
3.6 Recommendations What is often d
Page 71 and 72:
59 which was designed to reflect a
Page 73 and 74:
61 1. Whether the private sector ha
Page 75 and 76:
4.0 The Role of Local Authorities 4
Page 77 and 78:
that there have been no significant
Page 79 and 80:
Local authorities have no obvious m
Page 81 and 82:
introduced (and under which, they w
Page 83 and 84:
71 International Review of Waste Po
Page 85 and 86:
statutory waste management plans. I
Page 87 and 88:
Each region has devised, and period
Page 89 and 90:
uneconomic infrastructure and regio
Page 91 and 92:
79 programme of measures to achieve
Page 93 and 94:
Waste referred to in paragraph 1 is
Page 95 and 96:
It is suggested that the regions sh
Page 97 and 98:
6.0 Review of Irish Policy on Preve
Page 99 and 100:
2. High quality data relating to wa
Page 101 and 102:
company linked to the municipality
Page 103 and 104:
infrastructure with a high emphasis
Page 105 and 106:
93 and liaise with local authoritie
Page 107 and 108:
To date the Market Development Grou
Page 109 and 110:
Table 6-1: Generation of Municipal
Page 111 and 112:
No adjustment was made to the proje
Page 113 and 114:
whilst initiatives for unsolicited
Page 115 and 116:
7.0 Pay-By-Use - Ireland 7.1 Outlin
Page 117 and 118:
One of the waste management commitm
Page 119 and 120:
eporting in the Annual National Was
Page 121 and 122:
109 � In the absence of a kerbsid
Page 123 and 124:
in case study areas, and an increas
Page 125 and 126:
shifts/by separate staff, which in
Page 127 and 128:
not reflected in reduced costs to c
Page 129 and 130:
extent to which this compromises an
Page 131 and 132:
and residual waste fee not so great
Page 133 and 134:
121 � Choosing collection schemes
Page 135 and 136:
8.3 Key Organisations Involved in I
Page 137 and 138:
of material generated as waste (sin
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 8-2: Balance of Costs and Be
Page 141 and 142:
counterfactual. This type of approa
Page 143 and 144:
131 � Bin-volume based (i.e. wher
Page 145 and 146:
133 � Sack-based schemes with cha
Page 147 and 148:
Table 8-4: Costs under Flat Rate Fe
Page 149 and 150:
to this type of abuse given a) its
Page 151 and 152:
the effect of certain variables on
Page 153 and 154:
effects are not always verifiable i
Page 155 and 156:
A French study (results shown in Fi
Page 157 and 158:
Therefore, it would seem reasonable
Page 159 and 160:
In many jurisdictions, where the pr
Page 161 and 162:
149 “M&S [Marks & Spencer] sell t
Page 163 and 164:
cost of residual waste treatment is
Page 165 and 166:
eduction in waste quantities. The m
Page 167 and 168:
A useful report on illegal dumping,
Page 169 and 170:
Generally, the view which prevails
Page 171 and 172:
9.0 Pay-by-use - Germany 9.1 Outlin
Page 173 and 174:
Table 9-2: Charges for Residual Was
Page 175 and 176:
163 Environmental Advisors (Sachver
Page 177 and 178:
Figure 9-2: Quantities of Residual
Page 179 and 180:
The bulky waste collections, Figure
Page 181 and 182:
The net effect of these changes for
Page 183 and 184:
the market such as waste sluices (e
Page 185 and 186:
Prior to the system’s introductio
Page 187 and 188:
The case of Schweinfurt is truly ou
Page 189 and 190:
10.1.2 Approaches to Selective Coll
Page 191 and 192:
10.4 Key Organisations Involved in
Page 193 and 194:
FOST-Plus reports the following col
Page 195 and 196:
to recover costs in such a way that
Page 197 and 198:
11.0 Landfill Levy - Ireland 11.1 O
Page 199 and 200:
187 � Landfill operators. Local A
Page 201 and 202:
Table 11-2: Trends in Household Was
Page 203 and 204:
191 • The effects of the Repak Pa
Page 205 and 206:
positive. In 2007, of the €32,398
Page 207 and 208:
11.8 Response from Public and Indus
Page 209 and 210:
When the landfill levy was first in
Page 211 and 212:
12.0 Producer Responsibility, Packa
Page 213 and 214:
Although the European legislation d
Page 215 and 216:
Table 12-1: Distribution of Respons
Page 217 and 218:
205 (v) 15% by weight for wood, sup
Page 219 and 220:
207 Companies that supply packaging
Page 221 and 222:
Data from both Repak and self-compl
Page 223 and 224:
Table 12-3: Average Compound Rate o
Page 225 and 226:
The EEA report identifies the role
Page 227 and 228:
The same study went on to highlight
Page 229 and 230:
217 materials at source, effectivel
Page 231 and 232:
and processors). In terms of the re
Page 233 and 234:
Repak members, and non-major produc
Page 235 and 236:
In their submission of information
Page 237 and 238:
225 a. Direct costs of compliance (
Page 239 and 240:
As noted above, there are differenc
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Directive. The current Regulations
Page 245 and 246:
each year by an Industrial Structur
Page 247 and 248:
generally cheaper to collect as it
Page 249 and 250:
Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands
Page 251 and 252:
Figure 13-1: Packaging Recycling an
Page 253 and 254:
Country Country 241 % % of of colle
Page 255 and 256:
It can be seen that against this me
Page 257 and 258:
Figure 13-4: German License Fees Pa
Page 259 and 260:
This is likely to have been depende
Page 261 and 262:
Table 13-9: Financing Sources for R
Page 263 and 264:
iv) Operational Operational Operati
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Table 14-2: Operators of Dual Syste
Page 269 and 270:
provided by the DSD. Through the DS
Page 271 and 272:
Following a poll in 2004, it became
Page 273 and 274:
packaging has to be licensed by the
Page 275 and 276:
15.0 Producer Responsibility - Flan
Page 277 and 278:
265 � The industrial federations
Page 279 and 280:
used to reimburse (inter)municipali
Page 281 and 282:
Consumers can bring old and expired
Page 283 and 284:
15.3.7 Waste Tyres The implementati
Page 285 and 286:
273 � which treatment facilities
Page 287 and 288:
VALORFRIT reimburses the municipali
Page 289 and 290:
Figure 15-3: Belgian Packaging Wast
Page 291 and 292:
279 � Widespread use of PBU; �
Page 293 and 294:
Figure 15-4: Collection for Recycli
Page 295 and 296:
283 � by January 2015, reuse and
Page 297 and 298:
RECUPEL has continually sampled 5 %
Page 299 and 300:
is currently being performed to ide
Page 301 and 302:
Table 15-7 Green Dot Fees for Packa
Page 303 and 304:
Moreover, the provisions of BEBAT n
Page 305 and 306:
293 • All other types of oil gene
Page 307 and 308:
procedure. It would be considerably
Page 309 and 310:
16.0 Deposit Refund Systems - Inter
Page 311 and 312:
same order as the cost savings from
Page 313 and 314:
Country Country System System Year
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
NT$13.01 per kg (US$0.39 at January
Page 323 and 324:
collectors. These super-collectors
Page 325 and 326:
A study in 2002 reviewed the outcom
Page 327 and 328:
315 The existing studies show that
Page 329 and 330:
Figure 16-2: Performance of US Stat
Page 331 and 332:
Figure 16-5: Return Percentages of
Page 333 and 334:
This is not to deny the possibility
Page 335 and 336:
323 in in in packaging, packaging,
Page 337 and 338:
harm caused by plastics in the mari
Page 339 and 340:
327 Deposit containers would be tra
Page 341 and 342:
have to be compared with the costs
Page 343 and 344:
Of particular interest are some of
Page 345 and 346:
Figure 16-7: Economic Cost per Tonn
Page 347 and 348:
One of the concerns within Europe h
Page 349 and 350:
(e.g. brought from Germany) so that
Page 351 and 352:
Another pre-requisite, partly becau
Page 353 and 354:
341 International Review of Waste P
Page 355 and 356:
343 � Council of Environmental Ad
Page 357 and 358:
step towards turning people away fr
Page 359 and 360:
The sectors that profited from the
Page 361 and 362:
349 � Willingness of the industry
Page 363 and 364:
Green-Schools is run by An Taisce f
Page 365 and 366:
18.3 When was the Policy Introduced
Page 367 and 368:
355 � Green Homes: The Green Home
Page 369 and 370:
Figure 18-1: Green Homes Research -
Page 371 and 372:
composter. There are similar saving
Page 373 and 374:
information on the various themes i
Page 375 and 376:
Producers must register with the na
Page 377 and 378:
365 • 2008: The Waste Management
Page 379 and 380:
367 • Approved producer complianc
Page 381 and 382:
the generation of electrical and el
Page 383 and 384:
80% of WEEE primary processing take
Page 385 and 386:
outed to charities and schools to d
Page 387 and 388:
since June 2006 to guide and co-ord
Page 389 and 390:
377 � Category 10 - Automatic dis
Page 391 and 392:
table are the ‘2008 Review of Dir
Page 393 and 394:
National National Register Register
Page 395 and 396:
383 � The financial structures as
Page 397 and 398:
purchased), though some offer it vo
Page 399 and 400:
In order to facilitate their financ
Page 401 and 402:
that product, the risk that the mat
Page 403 and 404:
particular streams of WEEE. For exa
Page 405 and 406:
Table 20-2 gives the amount of each
Page 407 and 408:
demand that the receiving facilitie
Page 409 and 410:
Table 20-3: Range of Total Costs fo
Page 411 and 412:
kg), and a TV (15 kg), finding the
Page 413 and 414:
20.10 Lessons Learned Administrativ
Page 415 and 416:
Historical and ‘orphan’ waste,
Page 417 and 418:
in 2012. Hence, the revision may im
Page 419 and 420:
equipment. Furthermore producers do
Page 421 and 422:
409 � 31 st December 2005: Almost
Page 423 and 424:
411 � Regarding “new” WEEE (e
Page 425 and 426:
ate of WEEE collected after the int
Page 427 and 428:
A serious problem is the illegal ex
Page 429 and 430:
22.0 Producer Responsibility, ELVs
Page 431 and 432:
practice previously resulted in the
Page 433 and 434:
421 of that producer's brand or for
Page 435 and 436:
Ireland would be able to meet the r
Page 437 and 438:
22.6.2 Environmental Benefits Assoc
Page 439 and 440:
According to this paper: 427 � Th
Page 441 and 442:
oth pieces of legislation is to res
Page 443 and 444:
23.0 Producer Responsibility, ELVs
Page 445 and 446:
driven the reclamation industry to
Page 447 and 448:
23.2.7 Country-specific Characteris
Page 449 and 450:
23.2.9 Country-specific Characteris
Page 451 and 452:
In addition to the benefits associa
Page 453 and 454:
key reports highlight the importanc
Page 455 and 456:
Government in the form of additiona
Page 457 and 458:
affected. In any event, the effect
Page 459 and 460:
447 happen and because a reasonable
Page 461 and 462:
24.2 Policy Context and Reason for
Page 463 and 464:
time of writing, though it is under
Page 465 and 466:
24.7 Environmental Benefits The Bat
Page 467 and 468:
24.11 Social and Distributional Con
Page 469 and 470:
25.0 Producer Responsibility, Batte
Page 471 and 472:
459 � The competent authorities s
Page 473 and 474:
1995. 537 This proliferation is pri
Page 475 and 476:
463 � Countries where separate co
Page 477 and 478:
This has been possible under a broa
Page 479 and 480:
specific battery types, they might
Page 481 and 482:
For automotive and industrial batte
Page 483 and 484:
25.6.1.2 Retailer Take-back Schemes
Page 485 and 486:
Table 25-5: Average Cost per Kilogr
Page 487 and 488:
effectively be financed at a cost o
Page 489 and 490:
Collection methods in Europe have p
Page 491 and 492:
26.2 Reasons for the Policy Accordi
Page 493 and 494:
26.3 Key Organisations Involved in
Page 495 and 496:
Figure 26-2: German Battery Composi
Page 497 and 498:
26.11 Evasion and Enforcement The c
Page 499 and 500:
27.0 Plastic Bag Levy - Ireland 27.
Page 501 and 502:
27.5.1 Evaluation Studies Available
Page 503 and 504:
491 � Retailers find the effects
Page 505 and 506:
ags in 2003, compared with 36% in 1
Page 507 and 508:
27.10 Social and Distributional Con
Page 509 and 510:
27.14 Lessons Learned 27.14.1 Gener
Page 511 and 512:
499 � Higher rates of recycling;
Page 513 and 514:
Table 28-2: The Organisation of the
Page 515 and 516:
same period of 9.8%. 600 The Danish
Page 517 and 518:
that only 8,000-10,000 businesses w
Page 519 and 520:
28.12 Lessons Learned The Danish sc
Page 521 and 522:
a government body, the revenue is
Page 523 and 524:
511 � Lubricating oil; � Antifr
Page 525 and 526: Considering the impact on the consu
Page 527 and 528: 30.0 Product Taxes - Belgium 30.1 O
Page 529 and 530: and the Minister of Economic Affair
Page 531 and 532: Figure 30-1: Market Data on Single
Page 533 and 534: In order to achieve these targets,
Page 535 and 536: ecycling targets is partly linked t
Page 537 and 538: 31.0 Plastic Bag Bans - Internation
Page 539 and 540: 31.5 Environmental Benefits Environ
Page 541 and 542: 32.0 Levy on Waste Paints - Interna
Page 543 and 544: The report concluded that total emp
Page 545 and 546: 33.0 Circular WPPR 17/08 - Ireland
Page 547 and 548: private sector operators incur cost
Page 549 and 550: the organic waste fraction is no mo
Page 551 and 552: investments are utilised, will be i
Page 553 and 554: 33.12 Complementary Policies Comple
Page 555 and 556: 34.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (H
Page 557 and 558: paper/cardboard, metals (aluminium
Page 559 and 560: England and Wales (United Kingdom)
Page 561 and 562: householder/small commercial sector
Page 563 and 564: government is responsible for the w
Page 565 and 566: Indeed, there are clearly synergies
Page 567 and 568: strengthened as the increased costs
Page 569 and 570: from 15.4 % in 1994 to 49.2 % in 20
Page 571 and 572: materials. 675 Thus complementary p
Page 573 and 574: 34.9 Effect of the Policy on Pricin
Page 575: � Strong industrial support via p
Page 579 and 580: City of Portland, Oregon (USA) The
Page 581 and 582: waste from manufacturing industries
Page 583 and 584: 36.2.1 Country-specific Characteris
Page 585 and 586: solid pre-requisite for the product
Page 587 and 588: 575 However, pending the adoption o
Page 589 and 590: where the abovementioned statutory
Page 591 and 592: 36.5 Environmental Benefits The env
Page 593 and 594: Table 36-2 Amount (‘000 tonnes) o
Page 595 and 596: separated kitchen and garden waste,
Page 597 and 598: 36.9 Effect of the Policy on Pricin
Page 599 and 600: product, especially when bioactive
Page 601 and 602: 589 risk of contamination with othe
Page 603 and 604: 37.4 Key Organisations Involved in
Page 605 and 606: 37.6.1 Environmental Benefits - Pre
Page 607 and 608: For proposed new composting facilit
Page 609 and 610: 597 • The contaminated batch and
Page 611 and 612: Table 38-1: Junk Mail Policies Name
Page 613 and 614: them to increase efforts at suppres
Page 615 and 616: Table 38-3: Cost Savings from Junk
Page 617 and 618: 39.0 Review of Irish Policy, Constr
Page 619 and 620: 39.1.2 Recycling of C&D Waste - Gen
Page 621 and 622: 40.3 When was the Policy Introduced
Page 623 and 624: out in national policy and in the i
Page 625 and 626: currently working in this area and
Page 627 and 628:
goals that are shared by the Nation
Page 629 and 630:
617 waste minimisation and recyclin
Page 631 and 632:
41.7 Environmental Benefits The rev
Page 633 and 634:
to 2 per cent of the landfill levy,
Page 635 and 636:
623 � the name of the accountable
Page 637 and 638:
625 initiatives. In other words, th
Page 639 and 640:
environmental protection and optimu
Page 641 and 642:
The NCDWC had a high level of suppo
Page 643 and 644:
42.15 Lessons Learned For the purpo
Page 645 and 646:
mandatory to varying degrees in Eng
Page 647 and 648:
Japan 635 � Monitoring and auditi
Page 649 and 650:
Hong Kong Industry surveying and in
Page 651 and 652:
Table 43-1: Estimated Total Cost of
Page 653 and 654:
43.8 Social and Distributional Cons
Page 655 and 656:
short time frame over which it has
Page 657 and 658:
In December 2007, Mr. John Gormley,
Page 659 and 660:
647 of waste recovered at the facil
Page 661 and 662:
44.13 Effect of the Policy on Prici
Page 663 and 664:
implementing and managing the Proto
Page 665 and 666:
46.0 Tax on Aggregates - Internatio
Page 667 and 668:
The UK’s ‘Aggregate Levy’ app
Page 669 and 670:
The following study is a comparison
Page 671 and 672:
The intention to implement a landfi
Page 673 and 674:
has encouraged innovation in recycl
Page 675 and 676:
46.9.1 Quality Standards European S
Page 677 and 678:
665 � if one fails to deregister,
Page 679 and 680:
47.0 Product Standards for Aggregat
Page 681 and 682:
It lays down regulations and standa
Page 683 and 684:
has been recognised that recycled o
Page 685 and 686:
48.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (C
Page 687 and 688:
Companies are obliged to either sep
Page 689 and 690:
Table 48-2: Construction and Demoli
Page 691 and 692:
Construction and demolition project
Page 693 and 694:
Belgium Following Article 16 in Cha
Page 695 and 696:
The UK Environment Agency have buil
Page 697 and 698:
during Construction Work came into
Page 699 and 700:
codes. For example, Korea introduce
Page 701 and 702:
In Japan, the lead contractor is re
Page 703 and 704:
50.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (C
Page 705 and 706:
POLICIES FOR RESIDUAL WASTE 693 Int
Page 707 and 708:
695 advance the Commission of their
Page 709 and 710:
have stabilised over the last six y
Page 711 and 712:
ased instruments, or through regula
Page 713 and 714:
Figure 51-4: Materials Captured (re
Page 715 and 716:
200,000 tonnes, though some of this
Page 717 and 718:
tonnes early in 2010, and as much a
Page 719 and 720:
We discuss the matters further belo
Page 721 and 722:
as was made clear above, the inclus
Page 723 and 724:
51.4.2.3 Comment on Targets A conce
Page 725 and 726:
seem that there is little or no bas
Page 727 and 728:
It acknowledges the role of a numbe
Page 729 and 730:
The proposed minimum pre-treatment
Page 731 and 732:
719 The introduction of this measur
Page 733 and 734:
The growing strength of these inter
Page 735 and 736:
It goes on: 723 fully stabilised wa
Page 737 and 738:
of electricity consumption from ren
Page 739 and 740:
52.0 Policies Aimed at Discouraging
Page 741 and 742:
promote cost effective means of res
Page 743 and 744:
authorities work jointly on a strat
Page 745 and 746:
Table 52-1: Summary of Measures by
Page 747 and 748:
It is illuminating to note that in
Page 749 and 750:
737 implemented to make treatment o
Page 751 and 752:
environmental projects, and 45% is
Page 753 and 754:
enclosure; and ii) municipal waste
Page 755 and 756:
52.2.4.4 Finland In 1993, two years
Page 757 and 758:
The objectives of the waste tax are
Page 759 and 760:
52.2.4.10 Country-specific Characte
Page 761 and 762:
meant to finance the Modernisation
Page 763 and 764:
751 - 1995: Publication of a regula
Page 765 and 766:
esidual treatments, and thus exempt
Page 767 and 768:
incineration facilities produce ele
Page 769 and 770:
There are several bands in this tax
Page 771 and 772:
educe the quantity, or improve the
Page 773 and 774:
761 announced in the November 1995
Page 775 and 776:
52.4 Evaluation Studies Available I
Page 777 and 778:
disposal costs necessarily would le
Page 779 and 780:
discernible change in the trend in
Page 781 and 782:
A report on Finnish waste managemen
Page 783 and 784:
some cases, notably in the foundry
Page 785 and 786:
absence of any form of waste tax. F
Page 787 and 788:
Netherlands and Sweden. One might a
Page 789 and 790:
777 ‘the amount of landfilled was
Page 791 and 792:
consequences of an incineration tax
Page 793 and 794:
52.5.6 Reduction in Incineration As
Page 795 and 796:
environmental performance. The land
Page 797 and 798:
increase of between 30-100%. In Aus
Page 799 and 800:
emaining residual waste separately.
Page 801 and 802:
52.11 Evasion and Enforcement 52.11
Page 803 and 804:
Table 52-7: Summary of Measures by
Page 805 and 806:
� A clear rationale for the propo
Page 807 and 808:
overall costs of household waste ma
Page 809 and 810:
53.7 Effects on Technical Change /
Page 811 and 812:
the costs for disposal in municipal
Page 813 and 814:
801 � Old and expired medication.
Page 815 and 816:
Even with high landfill levies, the
Page 817 and 818:
Figure 54-4: Revenues from Flemish
Page 819 and 820:
54.11 Lessons Learned A complex sys
Page 821 and 822:
forge a genuinely ‘autonomous’
Page 823 and 824:
administrations is deemed to change
Page 825 and 826:
The desire to improve recycling per
Page 827 and 828:
Table 55-2: BMW Landfilled in Engla
Page 829 and 830:
55.6 Implementation Costs The inten
Page 831 and 832:
context of UK waste management wher
Page 833 and 834:
During 2007/08, the Environment Age
Page 835 and 836:
823 � Market-relevant information
Page 837 and 838:
need to consider not just ‘policy
Page 839 and 840:
In the above scenario, with capture
Page 841 and 842:
829 figures include nappies, as is
Page 843 and 844:
of the order 65% would reduce the q
Page 845 and 846:
56.2 Proposed Policies to Deal with
Page 847 and 848:
2) Incineration, Incineration, Inci
Page 849 and 850:
Table 56-1: Levies Proposed in RIA,
Page 851 and 852:
839 dramatically reduced by margina
Page 853 and 854:
4) Combustible waste 5) Waste excee
Page 855 and 856:
843 Ew means annual energy containe
Page 857 and 858:
OTHER POLICIES 845 International Re
Page 859 and 860:
57.2 Benefits of Green Procurement
Page 861 and 862:
what can, and what cannot be done,
Page 863 and 864:
In light of the renewed EU Sustaina
Page 865 and 866:
WRAP WRAP WRAP The greening of serv
Page 867 and 868:
57.4.3 Washington State Recycling a
Page 869 and 870:
ecommendation to do so in 2003 via
Page 871 and 872:
859 environment into public procure
Page 873 and 874:
has created a ‘level playing fiel
Page 875 and 876:
Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No.850
Page 877 and 878:
epresentations in relation to this
Page 879 and 880:
TARGET SETTING 867 International Re
Page 881 and 882:
specific actors, or failing that, t
Page 883 and 884:
policy has not been sufficiently re
Page 885 and 886:
873 ban only ensures the best use o
Page 887 and 888:
ecent reports from PROGNOS, the EEA
Page 889 and 890:
877 � Separate collection at the
Page 891 and 892:
achieves this rate country wide. So
Page 893 and 894:
Figure 59-3: Recycling Rates Around
Page 895 and 896:
Box 2: Recycling Centres in Upper A
Page 897 and 898:
Source: Eunomia (2007) Scoping new
Page 899 and 900:
Figure 59-8: Recycling Rates Achiev
Page 901 and 902:
absolute terms, i.e. in terms of we
Page 903 and 904:
verbrandbaar bouw- en sloopafval”
Page 905 and 906:
Figure 59-10: Flanders Residual Was
Page 907 and 908:
there does appear to have been a sl
Page 909 and 910:
Figure 59-12: Residual Waste per In
Page 911 and 912:
899 • The total ‘better than ta
Page 913 and 914:
GRANT FUNDING 901 International Rev
Page 915 and 916:
NDP 2000-2006 Waste management & wa
Page 917 and 918:
authority projects approved for ass
Page 919 and 920:
previously been available for such
Page 921 and 922:
Table 60-1: Environment Fund Income
Page 923 and 924:
een provided are available in the E
Page 925 and 926:
additional 10% must be met by anoth
Page 927 and 928:
Management Board (CIWMB) provide gr
Page 929 and 930:
in place. This is very often to ena
Page 931 and 932:
However, earmarking reduces flexibi
Page 933 and 934:
60.8 Approach to Evaluating Effects
Page 935 and 936:
There is evidence to suggest that e
Page 937 and 938:
925 � undertaking research on qua
Page 939 and 940:
60.12 Lessons Learned The Flemish P
Page 941 and 942:
929 might be axed in times of fundi
Page 943 and 944:
61.0 Appraisal of Residual Waste Tr
Page 945 and 946:
933 � Biogas for vehicle fuels?
Page 947 and 948:
at landfill and incineration, but a
Page 949 and 950:
handle. The choice of discount rate
Page 951 and 952:
Other key variables of importance i
Page 953 and 954:
treatment may give rise to damages,
Page 955 and 956:
1. As described above (for basic st
Page 957 and 958:
In addition to these UK focused stu
Page 959 and 960:
Table 61-1: Externality Values for
Page 961 and 962:
Transport externalities were incorp
Page 963 and 964:
arrive at a ‘best estimate’ of
Page 965 and 966:
than greenhouse gases. This is hard
Page 967 and 968:
production, but mainly the much low
Page 969 and 970:
Table 61-5: Summary of externality
Page 971 and 972:
The second report, on the potential
Page 973 and 974:
961 also given the fact that the st
Page 975 and 976:
61.4 Concluding Remarks on the Lite
Page 977 and 978:
965 associated with fuel used withi
Page 979 and 980:
kg kg CO2 CO2 eq. eq. 62.1.1.2 Glob
Page 981 and 982:
These results suggest a significant
Page 983 and 984:
kg kg SO2 SO2 eq. eq. The results s
Page 985 and 986:
62.1.2 Summary of Results In additi
Page 987 and 988:
DALY, DALY, kg kg chloroethylene ch
Page 989 and 990:
This is clearly true, not least sin
Page 991 and 992:
979 � We have used two ‘sets’
Page 993 and 994:
981 includes a dose-response model
Page 995 and 996:
983 assessments is that the blanket
Page 997 and 998:
our analysis, as well as those asso
Page 999 and 1000:
Table 63-2: Emissions Avoided Throu
Page 1001 and 1002:
the Swedish ORWARE model for contro
Page 1003 and 1004:
instantaneous collection rates for
Page 1005 and 1006:
etween 0.1 to 5 l CH4/m 2*h, so tha
Page 1007 and 1008:
include up to 150 substances includ
Page 1009 and 1010:
63.2.2.2 Landfill of Pre-treated Wa
Page 1011 and 1012:
63.3.1.1 Energy Use at Incineration
Page 1013 and 1014:
of a thermal efficiency of 84% and
Page 1015 and 1016:
1003 data obtained from plant opera
Page 1017 and 1018:
Table 63-13: Air Quality Externalit
Page 1019 and 1020:
1007 1. Energy used within the trea
Page 1021 and 1022:
1009 � Optimised biofilter; and
Page 1023 and 1024:
Table 63-18: Results with Low Exter
Page 1025 and 1026:
Table 63-19: Emissions Associated w
Page 1027 and 1028:
metal, the production of which cons
Page 1029 and 1030:
The two processes have similar envi
Page 1031 and 1032:
Eunomia. 1263 The principal climate
Page 1033 and 1034:
Figure 63-1: N-balance of a One Ste
Page 1035 and 1036:
It should be noted that bioaerosols
Page 1037 and 1038:
Table 63-27: Summary of Damage Cost
Page 1039 and 1040:
If the biogas is cleaned of impurit
Page 1041 and 1042:
the source of the natural gas, and
Page 1043 and 1044:
Table 63-34: Summary of Damage Cost
Page 1045 and 1046:
64.0 Costs of Household Waste Colle
Page 1047 and 1048:
Within the following section we ass
Page 1049 and 1050:
in place). It is possible to sense-
Page 1051 and 1052:
Table 64-4: Household Annual Collec
Page 1053 and 1054:
Table 64-6: Interpretation of WRAP
Page 1055 and 1056:
1043 � Refuse collected weekly in
Page 1057 and 1058:
The nature of these authorities the
Page 1059 and 1060:
64.5 Collection Modelling for Irela
Page 1061 and 1062:
ignore, however, is that whilst cos
show all

International Review of Waste Management Policy - Department of ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?