International Review of Waste Management Policy - Department of ...

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proximity principle. Furthermore, the definition of ultimate residual flow leaves
room for interpretation.
The situation in France is interesting because of the high level of illegal dumping sites
that were present at the time of introduction of the tax. The local authorities
continued to tax them without forcing closure or licensing. The landfill ban,
implemented several years later, may well have been developed to strengthen the
seemingly weak effects of the tax.
52.2.4.12 The Netherlands
The Environmental Management Act (1993) introduced an integrated approach to
environmental issues, and sought to account for their interrelationships. 928 The main
features were that it elaborated a hierarchy of management options based on
Lansink’s Ladder, and made separate collection of organic household waste
compulsory.
In 1996, simultaneously, two instruments were implemented:
� A tax on the landfill of waste – aimed at making disposal the lest attractive
option economically; and
� A ban on landfilling covering 35 categories of combustible or recyclable
wastes.
The sequence of events is set out as below:
Landfill bans;
- 1995: Publication of the Decree on a Ban of Landfill of Waste
- 1995-1999: Ministerial decrees that regulate that the Decree is applicable to
specific waste streams that were exempted when the Decree was first
published. For many waste streams the Decree went into force directly.
However, for some waste streams no treatment technology or enough capacity
was available. Once a relatively cost-effective technology became available,
landfill of a specific stream would be banned.
- 1997: Publication of a Decree on Landfills and Ban on Landfill of Waste, that
combines the Decree of 1995 with another Decree that arranged permitting
procedures for landfills 929 .
- Related EU Directives: 1999/31/EC (L182, 16.7.1999), Directive on Landfill
of Waste and 2003/33/EC (PbEG L11, 16.1.2003) on Criteria and procedures
on the acceptance of waste on landfills
Landfill taxes;
928 EIONET: European Topic Centre on Resource and Waste Management (2007) Netherlands Waste
Factsheet, Accessed 16 th October 2008,
http://waste.eionet.europa.eu/facts/factsheets_waste/Netherlands
929 See: http://wetten.overheid.nl/cgi-bin/sessioned/browsercheck/continuation=29495-
002/session=532342511010954/action=javascript-result/javascript=yes (accessed 23 March 2006)
29/09/09