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International Review of Waste Manag
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29/09/09
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ii 32.0 Levy on Waste Paints - Inte
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Glossary of Acronyms iv 29/09/09 AB
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vi 29/09/09 MSW Municipal solid was
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WASTE POLICIES - EXISTING FRAMEWORK
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3 departing from the hierarchy wher
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7. The inclusion of measures to pre
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7 Reuse; Reuse; Reuse; for example
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ut both grow. “Absolute decouplin
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1.4 Waste Recycling and Composting
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13 waste from these sources. Member
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Management (Food Waste) Regulations
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17 Such measures may include an acc
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19 � endeavour to reduce the use
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21 the European Union. Apart from l
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23 1. Member States shall set up a
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1.6 The Incineration Directive The
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1.7 The UNECE / Stockholm Conventio
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29 � Lindane to Annex A; � Pent
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2.0 Policy Instruments for Waste Ma
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33 agencies), and occasionally unde
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Mechanisms which operate through th
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identical, but in practice they hav
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39 that firms may still need to be
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41 � Recycling investment tax cre
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43 � Lack of communication betwee
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3.2 Issues with Current Situation I
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47 Greenstar claims that when the l
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3.3 Market Failure Currently in Ire
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51 franchise agreements reduce the
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as set out by the EU is limited in
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The beneficial network effects, or
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3.6 Recommendations What is often d
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59 which was designed to reflect a
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61 1. Whether the private sector ha
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4.0 The Role of Local Authorities 4
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that there have been no significant
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Local authorities have no obvious m
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introduced (and under which, they w
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71 International Review of Waste Po
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statutory waste management plans. I
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Each region has devised, and period
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uneconomic infrastructure and regio
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79 programme of measures to achieve
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Waste referred to in paragraph 1 is
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It is suggested that the regions sh
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6.0 Review of Irish Policy on Preve
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2. High quality data relating to wa
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company linked to the municipality
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infrastructure with a high emphasis
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93 and liaise with local authoritie
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To date the Market Development Grou
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Table 6-1: Generation of Municipal
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No adjustment was made to the proje
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whilst initiatives for unsolicited
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7.0 Pay-By-Use - Ireland 7.1 Outlin
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One of the waste management commitm
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eporting in the Annual National Was
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109 � In the absence of a kerbsid
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in case study areas, and an increas
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shifts/by separate staff, which in
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not reflected in reduced costs to c
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extent to which this compromises an
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and residual waste fee not so great
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121 � Choosing collection schemes
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8.3 Key Organisations Involved in I
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of material generated as waste (sin
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Figure 8-2: Balance of Costs and Be
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counterfactual. This type of approa
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131 � Bin-volume based (i.e. wher
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133 � Sack-based schemes with cha
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Table 8-4: Costs under Flat Rate Fe
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to this type of abuse given a) its
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the effect of certain variables on
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effects are not always verifiable i
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A French study (results shown in Fi
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Therefore, it would seem reasonable
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In many jurisdictions, where the pr
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149 “M&S [Marks & Spencer] sell t
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cost of residual waste treatment is
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eduction in waste quantities. The m
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A useful report on illegal dumping,
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Generally, the view which prevails
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9.0 Pay-by-use - Germany 9.1 Outlin
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Table 9-2: Charges for Residual Was
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163 Environmental Advisors (Sachver
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Figure 9-2: Quantities of Residual
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The bulky waste collections, Figure
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The net effect of these changes for
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the market such as waste sluices (e
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Prior to the system’s introductio
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The case of Schweinfurt is truly ou
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10.1.2 Approaches to Selective Coll
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10.4 Key Organisations Involved in
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FOST-Plus reports the following col
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to recover costs in such a way that
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11.0 Landfill Levy - Ireland 11.1 O
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187 � Landfill operators. Local A
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Table 11-2: Trends in Household Was
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191 • The effects of the Repak Pa
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positive. In 2007, of the €32,398
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11.8 Response from Public and Indus
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When the landfill levy was first in
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12.0 Producer Responsibility, Packa
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Although the European legislation d
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Table 12-1: Distribution of Respons
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205 (v) 15% by weight for wood, sup
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207 Companies that supply packaging
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Data from both Repak and self-compl
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Table 12-3: Average Compound Rate o
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The EEA report identifies the role
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The same study went on to highlight
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217 materials at source, effectivel
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and processors). In terms of the re
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Repak members, and non-major produc
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In their submission of information
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225 a. Direct costs of compliance (
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As noted above, there are differenc
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13.0 Producer Responsibility, Packa
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Directive. The current Regulations
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each year by an Industrial Structur
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generally cheaper to collect as it
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Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands
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Figure 13-1: Packaging Recycling an
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Country Country 241 % % of of colle
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It can be seen that against this me
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Figure 13-4: German License Fees Pa
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This is likely to have been depende
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Table 13-9: Financing Sources for R
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iv) Operational Operational Operati
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14.0 Producer Responsibility, Packa
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Table 14-2: Operators of Dual Syste
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provided by the DSD. Through the DS
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Following a poll in 2004, it became
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packaging has to be licensed by the
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15.0 Producer Responsibility - Flan
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265 � The industrial federations
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used to reimburse (inter)municipali
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Consumers can bring old and expired
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15.3.7 Waste Tyres The implementati
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273 � which treatment facilities
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VALORFRIT reimburses the municipali
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Figure 15-3: Belgian Packaging Wast
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279 � Widespread use of PBU; �
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Figure 15-4: Collection for Recycli
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283 � by January 2015, reuse and
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RECUPEL has continually sampled 5 %
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is currently being performed to ide
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Table 15-7 Green Dot Fees for Packa
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Moreover, the provisions of BEBAT n
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293 • All other types of oil gene
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procedure. It would be considerably
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16.0 Deposit Refund Systems - Inter
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same order as the cost savings from
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Country Country System System Year
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Country Country System System Year
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Country Country System System Year
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Country Country System System Year
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NT$13.01 per kg (US$0.39 at January
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collectors. These super-collectors
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A study in 2002 reviewed the outcom
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315 The existing studies show that
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Figure 16-2: Performance of US Stat
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Figure 16-5: Return Percentages of
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This is not to deny the possibility
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323 in in in packaging, packaging,
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harm caused by plastics in the mari
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327 Deposit containers would be tra
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have to be compared with the costs
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Of particular interest are some of
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Figure 16-7: Economic Cost per Tonn
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One of the concerns within Europe h
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(e.g. brought from Germany) so that
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Another pre-requisite, partly becau
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341 International Review of Waste P
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343 � Council of Environmental Ad
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step towards turning people away fr
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The sectors that profited from the
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349 � Willingness of the industry
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Green-Schools is run by An Taisce f
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18.3 When was the Policy Introduced
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355 � Green Homes: The Green Home
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Figure 18-1: Green Homes Research -
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composter. There are similar saving
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information on the various themes i
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Producers must register with the na
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365 • 2008: The Waste Management
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367 • Approved producer complianc
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the generation of electrical and el
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80% of WEEE primary processing take
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outed to charities and schools to d
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since June 2006 to guide and co-ord
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377 � Category 10 - Automatic dis
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table are the ‘2008 Review of Dir
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National National Register Register
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383 � The financial structures as
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purchased), though some offer it vo
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In order to facilitate their financ
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that product, the risk that the mat
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particular streams of WEEE. For exa
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Table 20-2 gives the amount of each
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demand that the receiving facilitie
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Table 20-3: Range of Total Costs fo
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kg), and a TV (15 kg), finding the
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20.10 Lessons Learned Administrativ
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Historical and ‘orphan’ waste,
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in 2012. Hence, the revision may im
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equipment. Furthermore producers do
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409 � 31 st December 2005: Almost
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411 � Regarding “new” WEEE (e
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ate of WEEE collected after the int
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A serious problem is the illegal ex
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22.0 Producer Responsibility, ELVs
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practice previously resulted in the
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421 of that producer's brand or for
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Ireland would be able to meet the r
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22.6.2 Environmental Benefits Assoc
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According to this paper: 427 � Th
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oth pieces of legislation is to res
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23.0 Producer Responsibility, ELVs
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driven the reclamation industry to
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23.2.7 Country-specific Characteris
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23.2.9 Country-specific Characteris
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In addition to the benefits associa
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key reports highlight the importanc
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Government in the form of additiona
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affected. In any event, the effect
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447 happen and because a reasonable
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24.2 Policy Context and Reason for
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time of writing, though it is under
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24.7 Environmental Benefits The Bat
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24.11 Social and Distributional Con
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25.0 Producer Responsibility, Batte
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459 � The competent authorities s
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1995. 537 This proliferation is pri
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463 � Countries where separate co
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This has been possible under a broa
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specific battery types, they might
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For automotive and industrial batte
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25.6.1.2 Retailer Take-back Schemes
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Table 25-5: Average Cost per Kilogr
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effectively be financed at a cost o
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Collection methods in Europe have p
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26.2 Reasons for the Policy Accordi
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26.3 Key Organisations Involved in
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Figure 26-2: German Battery Composi
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26.11 Evasion and Enforcement The c
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27.0 Plastic Bag Levy - Ireland 27.
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27.5.1 Evaluation Studies Available
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491 � Retailers find the effects
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ags in 2003, compared with 36% in 1
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27.10 Social and Distributional Con
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27.14 Lessons Learned 27.14.1 Gener
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499 � Higher rates of recycling;
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Table 28-2: The Organisation of the
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same period of 9.8%. 600 The Danish
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that only 8,000-10,000 businesses w
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28.12 Lessons Learned The Danish sc
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a government body, the revenue is
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511 � Lubricating oil; � Antifr
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Considering the impact on the consu
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30.0 Product Taxes - Belgium 30.1 O
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and the Minister of Economic Affair
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Figure 30-1: Market Data on Single
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In order to achieve these targets,
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ecycling targets is partly linked t
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31.0 Plastic Bag Bans - Internation
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31.5 Environmental Benefits Environ
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32.0 Levy on Waste Paints - Interna
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The report concluded that total emp
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33.0 Circular WPPR 17/08 - Ireland
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private sector operators incur cost
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the organic waste fraction is no mo
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investments are utilised, will be i
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33.12 Complementary Policies Comple
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34.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (H
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paper/cardboard, metals (aluminium
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England and Wales (United Kingdom)
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householder/small commercial sector
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government is responsible for the w
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Indeed, there are clearly synergies
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strengthened as the increased costs
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from 15.4 % in 1994 to 49.2 % in 20
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materials. 675 Thus complementary p
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34.9 Effect of the Policy on Pricin
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� Strong industrial support via p
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municipality) unless it is composte
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City of Portland, Oregon (USA) The
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waste from manufacturing industries
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36.2.1 Country-specific Characteris
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solid pre-requisite for the product
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575 However, pending the adoption o
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where the abovementioned statutory
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36.5 Environmental Benefits The env
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Table 36-2 Amount (‘000 tonnes) o
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separated kitchen and garden waste,
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36.9 Effect of the Policy on Pricin
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product, especially when bioactive
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589 risk of contamination with othe
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37.4 Key Organisations Involved in
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37.6.1 Environmental Benefits - Pre
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For proposed new composting facilit
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597 • The contaminated batch and
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Table 38-1: Junk Mail Policies Name
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them to increase efforts at suppres
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Table 38-3: Cost Savings from Junk
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39.0 Review of Irish Policy, Constr
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39.1.2 Recycling of C&D Waste - Gen
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40.3 When was the Policy Introduced
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out in national policy and in the i
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currently working in this area and
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goals that are shared by the Nation
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617 waste minimisation and recyclin
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41.7 Environmental Benefits The rev
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to 2 per cent of the landfill levy,
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623 � the name of the accountable
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625 initiatives. In other words, th
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environmental protection and optimu
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The NCDWC had a high level of suppo
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42.15 Lessons Learned For the purpo
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mandatory to varying degrees in Eng
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Japan 635 � Monitoring and auditi
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Hong Kong Industry surveying and in
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Table 43-1: Estimated Total Cost of
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43.8 Social and Distributional Cons
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short time frame over which it has
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In December 2007, Mr. John Gormley,
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647 of waste recovered at the facil
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44.13 Effect of the Policy on Prici
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implementing and managing the Proto
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46.0 Tax on Aggregates - Internatio
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The UK’s ‘Aggregate Levy’ app
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The following study is a comparison
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The intention to implement a landfi
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has encouraged innovation in recycl
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46.9.1 Quality Standards European S
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665 � if one fails to deregister,
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47.0 Product Standards for Aggregat
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It lays down regulations and standa
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has been recognised that recycled o
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48.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (C
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Companies are obliged to either sep
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Table 48-2: Construction and Demoli
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Construction and demolition project
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Belgium Following Article 16 in Cha
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The UK Environment Agency have buil
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during Construction Work came into
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codes. For example, Korea introduce
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In Japan, the lead contractor is re
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50.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (C
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POLICIES FOR RESIDUAL WASTE 693 Int
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695 advance the Commission of their
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have stabilised over the last six y
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ased instruments, or through regula
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Figure 51-4: Materials Captured (re
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200,000 tonnes, though some of this
- Page 717 and 718: tonnes early in 2010, and as much a
- Page 719 and 720: We discuss the matters further belo
- Page 721 and 722: as was made clear above, the inclus
- Page 723 and 724: 51.4.2.3 Comment on Targets A conce
- Page 725 and 726: seem that there is little or no bas
- Page 727 and 728: It acknowledges the role of a numbe
- Page 729 and 730: The proposed minimum pre-treatment
- Page 731 and 732: 719 The introduction of this measur
- Page 733 and 734: The growing strength of these inter
- Page 735 and 736: It goes on: 723 fully stabilised wa
- Page 737 and 738: of electricity consumption from ren
- Page 739 and 740: 52.0 Policies Aimed at Discouraging
- Page 741 and 742: promote cost effective means of res
- Page 743 and 744: authorities work jointly on a strat
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- Page 747 and 748: It is illuminating to note that in
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- Page 751 and 752: environmental projects, and 45% is
- Page 753 and 754: enclosure; and ii) municipal waste
- Page 755 and 756: 52.2.4.4 Finland In 1993, two years
- Page 757 and 758: The objectives of the waste tax are
- Page 759 and 760: 52.2.4.10 Country-specific Characte
- Page 761 and 762: meant to finance the Modernisation
- Page 763 and 764: 751 - 1995: Publication of a regula
- Page 765 and 766: esidual treatments, and thus exempt
- Page 767: incineration facilities produce ele
- Page 771 and 772: educe the quantity, or improve the
- Page 773 and 774: 761 announced in the November 1995
- Page 775 and 776: 52.4 Evaluation Studies Available I
- Page 777 and 778: disposal costs necessarily would le
- Page 779 and 780: discernible change in the trend in
- Page 781 and 782: A report on Finnish waste managemen
- Page 783 and 784: some cases, notably in the foundry
- Page 785 and 786: absence of any form of waste tax. F
- Page 787 and 788: Netherlands and Sweden. One might a
- Page 789 and 790: 777 ‘the amount of landfilled was
- Page 791 and 792: consequences of an incineration tax
- Page 793 and 794: 52.5.6 Reduction in Incineration As
- Page 795 and 796: environmental performance. The land
- Page 797 and 798: increase of between 30-100%. In Aus
- Page 799 and 800: emaining residual waste separately.
- Page 801 and 802: 52.11 Evasion and Enforcement 52.11
- Page 803 and 804: Table 52-7: Summary of Measures by
- Page 805 and 806: � A clear rationale for the propo
- Page 807 and 808: overall costs of household waste ma
- Page 809 and 810: 53.7 Effects on Technical Change /
- Page 811 and 812: the costs for disposal in municipal
- Page 813 and 814: 801 � Old and expired medication.
- Page 815 and 816: Even with high landfill levies, the
- Page 817 and 818: Figure 54-4: Revenues from Flemish
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54.11 Lessons Learned A complex sys
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forge a genuinely ‘autonomous’
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administrations is deemed to change
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The desire to improve recycling per
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Table 55-2: BMW Landfilled in Engla
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55.6 Implementation Costs The inten
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context of UK waste management wher
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During 2007/08, the Environment Age
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823 � Market-relevant information
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need to consider not just ‘policy
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In the above scenario, with capture
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829 figures include nappies, as is
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of the order 65% would reduce the q
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56.2 Proposed Policies to Deal with
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2) Incineration, Incineration, Inci
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Table 56-1: Levies Proposed in RIA,
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839 dramatically reduced by margina
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4) Combustible waste 5) Waste excee
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843 Ew means annual energy containe
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OTHER POLICIES 845 International Re
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57.2 Benefits of Green Procurement
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what can, and what cannot be done,
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In light of the renewed EU Sustaina
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WRAP WRAP WRAP The greening of serv
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57.4.3 Washington State Recycling a
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ecommendation to do so in 2003 via
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859 environment into public procure
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has created a ‘level playing fiel
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Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No.850
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epresentations in relation to this
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TARGET SETTING 867 International Re
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specific actors, or failing that, t
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policy has not been sufficiently re
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873 ban only ensures the best use o
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ecent reports from PROGNOS, the EEA
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877 � Separate collection at the
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achieves this rate country wide. So
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Figure 59-3: Recycling Rates Around
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Box 2: Recycling Centres in Upper A
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Source: Eunomia (2007) Scoping new
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Figure 59-8: Recycling Rates Achiev
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absolute terms, i.e. in terms of we
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verbrandbaar bouw- en sloopafval”
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Figure 59-10: Flanders Residual Was
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there does appear to have been a sl
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Figure 59-12: Residual Waste per In
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899 • The total ‘better than ta
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GRANT FUNDING 901 International Rev
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NDP 2000-2006 Waste management & wa
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authority projects approved for ass
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previously been available for such
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Table 60-1: Environment Fund Income
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een provided are available in the E
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additional 10% must be met by anoth
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Management Board (CIWMB) provide gr
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in place. This is very often to ena
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However, earmarking reduces flexibi
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60.8 Approach to Evaluating Effects
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There is evidence to suggest that e
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925 � undertaking research on qua
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60.12 Lessons Learned The Flemish P
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929 might be axed in times of fundi
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61.0 Appraisal of Residual Waste Tr
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933 � Biogas for vehicle fuels?
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at landfill and incineration, but a
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handle. The choice of discount rate
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Other key variables of importance i
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treatment may give rise to damages,
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1. As described above (for basic st
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In addition to these UK focused stu
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Table 61-1: Externality Values for
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Transport externalities were incorp
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arrive at a ‘best estimate’ of
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than greenhouse gases. This is hard
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production, but mainly the much low
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Table 61-5: Summary of externality
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The second report, on the potential
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961 also given the fact that the st
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61.4 Concluding Remarks on the Lite
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965 associated with fuel used withi
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kg kg CO2 CO2 eq. eq. 62.1.1.2 Glob
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These results suggest a significant
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kg kg SO2 SO2 eq. eq. The results s
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62.1.2 Summary of Results In additi
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DALY, DALY, kg kg chloroethylene ch
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This is clearly true, not least sin
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979 � We have used two ‘sets’
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981 includes a dose-response model
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983 assessments is that the blanket
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our analysis, as well as those asso
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Table 63-2: Emissions Avoided Throu
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the Swedish ORWARE model for contro
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instantaneous collection rates for
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etween 0.1 to 5 l CH4/m 2*h, so tha
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include up to 150 substances includ
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63.2.2.2 Landfill of Pre-treated Wa
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63.3.1.1 Energy Use at Incineration
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of a thermal efficiency of 84% and
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1003 data obtained from plant opera
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Table 63-13: Air Quality Externalit
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1007 1. Energy used within the trea
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1009 � Optimised biofilter; and
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Table 63-18: Results with Low Exter
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Table 63-19: Emissions Associated w
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metal, the production of which cons
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The two processes have similar envi
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Eunomia. 1263 The principal climate
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Figure 63-1: N-balance of a One Ste
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It should be noted that bioaerosols
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Table 63-27: Summary of Damage Cost
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If the biogas is cleaned of impurit
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the source of the natural gas, and
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Table 63-34: Summary of Damage Cost
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64.0 Costs of Household Waste Colle
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Within the following section we ass
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in place). It is possible to sense-
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Table 64-4: Household Annual Collec
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Table 64-6: Interpretation of WRAP
- Page 1055 and 1056:
1043 � Refuse collected weekly in
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The nature of these authorities the
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64.5 Collection Modelling for Irela
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ignore, however, is that whilst cos