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throughout Europe. In addition, some MS also produce around 1.4 million tonnes of compost from sewage sludge and a similar amount of compost from mixed waste. Due to a general lack of consistently reported data on organic waste arisings, the potentially-recoverable organic waste calculation is based on 150 kg per inhabitant per year and includes source-separated kitchen and garden waste from households, park and garden waste from public estates and industrial wastes. This figure appears to be realistic given the amounts already collected in well-established biowaste management systems such as Austria, Germany and the Netherlands, though particularly for parks and non-household garden waste, data is not sufficient to be able to say with any certainty the amount of this collected waste that will end up in composting/AD facilities. Table 36-2 illustrates how effectively the EU MSs separately collect the available organic fraction of their national waste arisings for recycling purposes; the Netherlands exceeds their potential according to the 150 kg per inhabitant per year calculation, and Austria, Germany, Denmark, Finland and Luxembourg are all relatively successful in terms of reaching their potential. These countries all have reasonably well-developed compost/AD industries with statutory regulations surrounding compost production; in addition, all except Denmark and Finland also have a QAS to support the statutory framework. It should be noted that Denmark, Finland and the Netherlands owe a large proportion of their success to extensive garden waste collection and composting. The success of minimum compost standards can also be measured by examining whether any perception issues related to the use of compost have arisen in the enduser markets for BTPs. The end-user market shares for compost (Table 36-3) illustrate that a notable portion of compost is used in the higher-price markets such as horticulture and greenhouse production, illustrating confidence of the market in the product. In addition, Table 36-3 illustrates the dominant use of compost in agriculture across the EU. Hogg et al. (2008) 705 recently acquired information on perception issues related to use of BTPs in the agricultural sector via a series of questionnaires sent to national experts across the EU. In those countries with mature composting markets and a solid statutory compost quality base, perception issues have been minimal both from the perspective of the farmer and of the householder. For example, in Austria, householders have taken a very positive approach to organics recycling, and open discussions between the Ministry and Chamber of Agriculture on heavy metal and nutrient loads in agricultural soils have ensured that the market has confidence in the thresholds that have been set. Following introduction of the ABPR, farmers were actually offended at the implied need for additional requirements, particularly as a large amount of composting takes place on-farm in Austria, with farmers sometimes also being involved in the collection of household biowaste for their facilities. 705 D. Hogg, D. Lister, J. Barth, E. Favoino and F. Amlinger (2009) Frameworks for Use of Compost in Agriculture in Europe, Final report for WRAP, January 2009 http://www.wrap.org.uk/downloads/Eunomia_compost_in_agriculture_final_report.703534d2.6993. pdf . 580 29/09/09
Table 36-2 Amount (‘000 tonnes) of separately collected and composted/digested biowaste and green waste in the EU (2005) Potential Potential Potential quantities quantities Separately Separately Separately collected collected [without [without home home home composting] composting] (3) Separately Separately Separately Collected Collected MS Tot Total Tot al MSW (1) Bio- waste waste Green Green waste waste Total Total (2) Biowaste Biowaste Biowaste Green Green waste waste waste Total Total Biowaste Biowaste [% [% of of of total total potentially- potentially recoverable] recoverable] recoverable] AT AT 3,419 750 950 1,700 546 950 1,496 88% BE 4,847 n.d. n.d. 2,573 n.d. n.d. 885 34% BG* BG* 3,593 n.d. n.d. 1,164 0 0 0 0% CY* CY* 554 n.d. n.d. 112 0 0 0 0% CZ CZ 3979 1354 180 1534 10 123 133 9% DE DE 37,266 8,000 8,000 16,000 4,084 4,254 8,338 52% DK 3,988 433 750 1,183 38 737 775 66% EE EE 556 195 130 325 0 0 0 0% ES* ES* 25,694 n.d. n.d. 6,456 n.d. n.d. 308 5% FI* 2,451 n.d. n.d. 785 350 100 450 57% FR* FR* FR* 46,000 n.d. n.d. 9,378 300 2,400 2,700 29% GR* GR* 4,854 n.d. n.d. 1,662 0 2 2 0% HU* HU* 4,446 n.d. n.d. 1,515 n.d. n.d. 127 8% IE IE (2007) (4) 3,174 n.d. n.d. 918 n.d n.d 79 8.6% IT 31,687 n.d. n.d. 8,700 2,050 380 2,430 28% LT* 1,295 n.d. n.d. 514 0 0 0 0% LU* LU* 321 n.d. n.d. 68 n.d. n.d. 52 76% LV* LV* 715 n.d. n.d. 346 0 0 0 0% MT* MT* 246 n.d. n.d. 60 0 0 0 0% NL* NL* 10,900 n.d. n.d. 2,446 1,656 1,700 3,356 137% PL* PL* 9,353 n.d. n.d. 5,726 n.d. n.d. 70 1% PT 4,696 n.d. n.d. 1,579 24 10 34 2% RO* RO* 8,274 n.d. n.d. 3,249 0 0 0 0% SE* SE* 4,343 n.d. n.d. 1,352 125 250 375 28% SI* 845 n.d. n.d. 300 0 0 0 0% SK* SK* 1,558 n.d. n.d. 808 5 68 73 9% UK* UK* 35,075 n.d. n.d. 9,009 n.d. n.d. 1,872 21% EU27 EU27 257,947 80,101 23,598 23,598 29.5% (1) Source: Eurostat website (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu) (2) In most cases individual estimations by national experts were missing. For all MS marked with an ‘*’ the realistic potential of biowaste and green waste collection is based on the assumption of 150 kg/Inh*y (3) The estimation of currently collected biowaste and green waste has been provided by national experts contacted during the elaboration of this study. The reference year was 2005. (4) Environmental Protection Agency (2009) National Waste Report 2007. Source: Barth, J., Amlinger, F., Favoino, E., Siebert, S., Kehres, B., Gottschall, R., Bieker, M., Löbig, A. and Bidlingmaier, W. (2008). Compost Production and Use in the EU. Report for the European Commission DG/JRC. 581 International Review of Waste Policy: Annexes
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International Review of Waste Manag
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29/09/09
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ii 32.0 Levy on Waste Paints - Inte
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Glossary of Acronyms iv 29/09/09 AB
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vi 29/09/09 MSW Municipal solid was
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WASTE POLICIES - EXISTING FRAMEWORK
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3 departing from the hierarchy wher
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7. The inclusion of measures to pre
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7 Reuse; Reuse; Reuse; for example
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ut both grow. “Absolute decouplin
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1.4 Waste Recycling and Composting
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13 waste from these sources. Member
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Management (Food Waste) Regulations
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17 Such measures may include an acc
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19 � endeavour to reduce the use
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21 the European Union. Apart from l
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23 1. Member States shall set up a
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1.6 The Incineration Directive The
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1.7 The UNECE / Stockholm Conventio
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29 � Lindane to Annex A; � Pent
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2.0 Policy Instruments for Waste Ma
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33 agencies), and occasionally unde
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Mechanisms which operate through th
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identical, but in practice they hav
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39 that firms may still need to be
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41 � Recycling investment tax cre
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43 � Lack of communication betwee
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3.2 Issues with Current Situation I
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47 Greenstar claims that when the l
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3.3 Market Failure Currently in Ire
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51 franchise agreements reduce the
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as set out by the EU is limited in
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The beneficial network effects, or
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3.6 Recommendations What is often d
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59 which was designed to reflect a
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61 1. Whether the private sector ha
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4.0 The Role of Local Authorities 4
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that there have been no significant
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Local authorities have no obvious m
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introduced (and under which, they w
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71 International Review of Waste Po
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statutory waste management plans. I
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Each region has devised, and period
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uneconomic infrastructure and regio
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79 programme of measures to achieve
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Waste referred to in paragraph 1 is
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It is suggested that the regions sh
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6.0 Review of Irish Policy on Preve
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2. High quality data relating to wa
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company linked to the municipality
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infrastructure with a high emphasis
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93 and liaise with local authoritie
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To date the Market Development Grou
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Table 6-1: Generation of Municipal
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No adjustment was made to the proje
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whilst initiatives for unsolicited
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7.0 Pay-By-Use - Ireland 7.1 Outlin
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One of the waste management commitm
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eporting in the Annual National Was
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109 � In the absence of a kerbsid
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in case study areas, and an increas
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shifts/by separate staff, which in
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not reflected in reduced costs to c
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extent to which this compromises an
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and residual waste fee not so great
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121 � Choosing collection schemes
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8.3 Key Organisations Involved in I
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of material generated as waste (sin
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Figure 8-2: Balance of Costs and Be
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counterfactual. This type of approa
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131 � Bin-volume based (i.e. wher
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133 � Sack-based schemes with cha
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Table 8-4: Costs under Flat Rate Fe
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to this type of abuse given a) its
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the effect of certain variables on
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effects are not always verifiable i
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A French study (results shown in Fi
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Therefore, it would seem reasonable
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In many jurisdictions, where the pr
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149 “M&S [Marks & Spencer] sell t
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cost of residual waste treatment is
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eduction in waste quantities. The m
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A useful report on illegal dumping,
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Generally, the view which prevails
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9.0 Pay-by-use - Germany 9.1 Outlin
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Table 9-2: Charges for Residual Was
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163 Environmental Advisors (Sachver
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Figure 9-2: Quantities of Residual
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The bulky waste collections, Figure
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The net effect of these changes for
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the market such as waste sluices (e
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Prior to the system’s introductio
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The case of Schweinfurt is truly ou
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10.1.2 Approaches to Selective Coll
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10.4 Key Organisations Involved in
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FOST-Plus reports the following col
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to recover costs in such a way that
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11.0 Landfill Levy - Ireland 11.1 O
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187 � Landfill operators. Local A
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Table 11-2: Trends in Household Was
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191 • The effects of the Repak Pa
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positive. In 2007, of the €32,398
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11.8 Response from Public and Indus
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When the landfill levy was first in
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12.0 Producer Responsibility, Packa
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Although the European legislation d
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Table 12-1: Distribution of Respons
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205 (v) 15% by weight for wood, sup
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207 Companies that supply packaging
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Data from both Repak and self-compl
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Table 12-3: Average Compound Rate o
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The EEA report identifies the role
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The same study went on to highlight
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217 materials at source, effectivel
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and processors). In terms of the re
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Repak members, and non-major produc
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In their submission of information
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225 a. Direct costs of compliance (
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As noted above, there are differenc
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Directive. The current Regulations
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each year by an Industrial Structur
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generally cheaper to collect as it
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Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands
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Figure 13-1: Packaging Recycling an
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Country Country 241 % % of of colle
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It can be seen that against this me
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Figure 13-4: German License Fees Pa
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This is likely to have been depende
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Table 13-9: Financing Sources for R
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iv) Operational Operational Operati
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Table 14-2: Operators of Dual Syste
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provided by the DSD. Through the DS
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Following a poll in 2004, it became
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packaging has to be licensed by the
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15.0 Producer Responsibility - Flan
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265 � The industrial federations
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used to reimburse (inter)municipali
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Consumers can bring old and expired
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15.3.7 Waste Tyres The implementati
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273 � which treatment facilities
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VALORFRIT reimburses the municipali
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Figure 15-3: Belgian Packaging Wast
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279 � Widespread use of PBU; �
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Figure 15-4: Collection for Recycli
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283 � by January 2015, reuse and
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RECUPEL has continually sampled 5 %
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is currently being performed to ide
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Table 15-7 Green Dot Fees for Packa
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Moreover, the provisions of BEBAT n
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293 • All other types of oil gene
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procedure. It would be considerably
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16.0 Deposit Refund Systems - Inter
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same order as the cost savings from
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Country Country System System Year
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NT$13.01 per kg (US$0.39 at January
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collectors. These super-collectors
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A study in 2002 reviewed the outcom
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315 The existing studies show that
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Figure 16-2: Performance of US Stat
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Figure 16-5: Return Percentages of
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This is not to deny the possibility
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323 in in in packaging, packaging,
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harm caused by plastics in the mari
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327 Deposit containers would be tra
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have to be compared with the costs
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Of particular interest are some of
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Figure 16-7: Economic Cost per Tonn
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One of the concerns within Europe h
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(e.g. brought from Germany) so that
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Another pre-requisite, partly becau
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341 International Review of Waste P
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343 � Council of Environmental Ad
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step towards turning people away fr
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The sectors that profited from the
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349 � Willingness of the industry
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Green-Schools is run by An Taisce f
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18.3 When was the Policy Introduced
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355 � Green Homes: The Green Home
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Figure 18-1: Green Homes Research -
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composter. There are similar saving
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information on the various themes i
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Producers must register with the na
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365 • 2008: The Waste Management
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367 • Approved producer complianc
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the generation of electrical and el
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80% of WEEE primary processing take
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outed to charities and schools to d
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since June 2006 to guide and co-ord
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377 � Category 10 - Automatic dis
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table are the ‘2008 Review of Dir
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National National Register Register
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383 � The financial structures as
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purchased), though some offer it vo
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In order to facilitate their financ
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that product, the risk that the mat
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particular streams of WEEE. For exa
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Table 20-2 gives the amount of each
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demand that the receiving facilitie
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Table 20-3: Range of Total Costs fo
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kg), and a TV (15 kg), finding the
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20.10 Lessons Learned Administrativ
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Historical and ‘orphan’ waste,
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in 2012. Hence, the revision may im
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equipment. Furthermore producers do
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409 � 31 st December 2005: Almost
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411 � Regarding “new” WEEE (e
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ate of WEEE collected after the int
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A serious problem is the illegal ex
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22.0 Producer Responsibility, ELVs
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practice previously resulted in the
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421 of that producer's brand or for
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Ireland would be able to meet the r
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22.6.2 Environmental Benefits Assoc
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According to this paper: 427 � Th
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oth pieces of legislation is to res
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23.0 Producer Responsibility, ELVs
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driven the reclamation industry to
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23.2.7 Country-specific Characteris
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23.2.9 Country-specific Characteris
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In addition to the benefits associa
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key reports highlight the importanc
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Government in the form of additiona
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affected. In any event, the effect
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447 happen and because a reasonable
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24.2 Policy Context and Reason for
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time of writing, though it is under
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24.7 Environmental Benefits The Bat
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24.11 Social and Distributional Con
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25.0 Producer Responsibility, Batte
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459 � The competent authorities s
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1995. 537 This proliferation is pri
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463 � Countries where separate co
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This has been possible under a broa
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specific battery types, they might
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For automotive and industrial batte
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25.6.1.2 Retailer Take-back Schemes
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Table 25-5: Average Cost per Kilogr
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effectively be financed at a cost o
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Collection methods in Europe have p
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26.2 Reasons for the Policy Accordi
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26.3 Key Organisations Involved in
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Figure 26-2: German Battery Composi
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26.11 Evasion and Enforcement The c
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27.0 Plastic Bag Levy - Ireland 27.
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27.5.1 Evaluation Studies Available
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491 � Retailers find the effects
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ags in 2003, compared with 36% in 1
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27.10 Social and Distributional Con
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27.14 Lessons Learned 27.14.1 Gener
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499 � Higher rates of recycling;
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Table 28-2: The Organisation of the
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same period of 9.8%. 600 The Danish
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that only 8,000-10,000 businesses w
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28.12 Lessons Learned The Danish sc
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a government body, the revenue is
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511 � Lubricating oil; � Antifr
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Considering the impact on the consu
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30.0 Product Taxes - Belgium 30.1 O
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and the Minister of Economic Affair
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Figure 30-1: Market Data on Single
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In order to achieve these targets,
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ecycling targets is partly linked t
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31.0 Plastic Bag Bans - Internation
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31.5 Environmental Benefits Environ
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Page 547 and 548: private sector operators incur cost
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Page 553 and 554: 33.12 Complementary Policies Comple
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Page 559 and 560: England and Wales (United Kingdom)
Page 561 and 562: householder/small commercial sector
Page 563 and 564: government is responsible for the w
Page 565 and 566: Indeed, there are clearly synergies
Page 567 and 568: strengthened as the increased costs
Page 569 and 570: from 15.4 % in 1994 to 49.2 % in 20
Page 571 and 572: materials. 675 Thus complementary p
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Page 577 and 578: municipality) unless it is composte
Page 579 and 580: City of Portland, Oregon (USA) The
Page 581 and 582: waste from manufacturing industries
Page 583 and 584: 36.2.1 Country-specific Characteris
Page 585 and 586: solid pre-requisite for the product
Page 587 and 588: 575 However, pending the adoption o
Page 589 and 590: where the abovementioned statutory
Page 591: 36.5 Environmental Benefits The env
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Page 597 and 598: 36.9 Effect of the Policy on Pricin
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Page 601 and 602: 589 risk of contamination with othe
Page 603 and 604: 37.4 Key Organisations Involved in
Page 605 and 606: 37.6.1 Environmental Benefits - Pre
Page 607 and 608: For proposed new composting facilit
Page 609 and 610: 597 • The contaminated batch and
Page 611 and 612: Table 38-1: Junk Mail Policies Name
Page 613 and 614: them to increase efforts at suppres
Page 615 and 616: Table 38-3: Cost Savings from Junk
Page 617 and 618: 39.0 Review of Irish Policy, Constr
Page 619 and 620: 39.1.2 Recycling of C&D Waste - Gen
Page 621 and 622: 40.3 When was the Policy Introduced
Page 623 and 624: out in national policy and in the i
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Page 627 and 628: goals that are shared by the Nation
Page 629 and 630: 617 waste minimisation and recyclin
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Page 635 and 636: 623 � the name of the accountable
Page 637 and 638: 625 initiatives. In other words, th
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42.15 Lessons Learned For the purpo
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mandatory to varying degrees in Eng
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Japan 635 � Monitoring and auditi
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Hong Kong Industry surveying and in
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Table 43-1: Estimated Total Cost of
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43.8 Social and Distributional Cons
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short time frame over which it has
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In December 2007, Mr. John Gormley,
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647 of waste recovered at the facil
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44.13 Effect of the Policy on Prici
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implementing and managing the Proto
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46.0 Tax on Aggregates - Internatio
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The UK’s ‘Aggregate Levy’ app
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The following study is a comparison
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The intention to implement a landfi
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has encouraged innovation in recycl
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46.9.1 Quality Standards European S
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665 � if one fails to deregister,
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47.0 Product Standards for Aggregat
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It lays down regulations and standa
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has been recognised that recycled o
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48.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (C
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Companies are obliged to either sep
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Table 48-2: Construction and Demoli
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Construction and demolition project
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Belgium Following Article 16 in Cha
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The UK Environment Agency have buil
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during Construction Work came into
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codes. For example, Korea introduce
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In Japan, the lead contractor is re
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50.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (C
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POLICIES FOR RESIDUAL WASTE 693 Int
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695 advance the Commission of their
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have stabilised over the last six y
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ased instruments, or through regula
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Figure 51-4: Materials Captured (re
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200,000 tonnes, though some of this
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tonnes early in 2010, and as much a
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We discuss the matters further belo
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as was made clear above, the inclus
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51.4.2.3 Comment on Targets A conce
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seem that there is little or no bas
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It acknowledges the role of a numbe
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The proposed minimum pre-treatment
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719 The introduction of this measur
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The growing strength of these inter
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It goes on: 723 fully stabilised wa
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of electricity consumption from ren
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52.0 Policies Aimed at Discouraging
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promote cost effective means of res
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authorities work jointly on a strat
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Table 52-1: Summary of Measures by
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It is illuminating to note that in
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737 implemented to make treatment o
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environmental projects, and 45% is
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enclosure; and ii) municipal waste
Page 755 and 756:
52.2.4.4 Finland In 1993, two years
Page 757 and 758:
The objectives of the waste tax are
Page 759 and 760:
52.2.4.10 Country-specific Characte
Page 761 and 762:
meant to finance the Modernisation
Page 763 and 764:
751 - 1995: Publication of a regula
Page 765 and 766:
esidual treatments, and thus exempt
Page 767 and 768:
incineration facilities produce ele
Page 769 and 770:
There are several bands in this tax
Page 771 and 772:
educe the quantity, or improve the
Page 773 and 774:
761 announced in the November 1995
Page 775 and 776:
52.4 Evaluation Studies Available I
Page 777 and 778:
disposal costs necessarily would le
Page 779 and 780:
discernible change in the trend in
Page 781 and 782:
A report on Finnish waste managemen
Page 783 and 784:
some cases, notably in the foundry
Page 785 and 786:
absence of any form of waste tax. F
Page 787 and 788:
Netherlands and Sweden. One might a
Page 789 and 790:
777 ‘the amount of landfilled was
Page 791 and 792:
consequences of an incineration tax
Page 793 and 794:
52.5.6 Reduction in Incineration As
Page 795 and 796:
environmental performance. The land
Page 797 and 798:
increase of between 30-100%. In Aus
Page 799 and 800:
emaining residual waste separately.
Page 801 and 802:
52.11 Evasion and Enforcement 52.11
Page 803 and 804:
Table 52-7: Summary of Measures by
Page 805 and 806:
� A clear rationale for the propo
Page 807 and 808:
overall costs of household waste ma
Page 809 and 810:
53.7 Effects on Technical Change /
Page 811 and 812:
the costs for disposal in municipal
Page 813 and 814:
801 � Old and expired medication.
Page 815 and 816:
Even with high landfill levies, the
Page 817 and 818:
Figure 54-4: Revenues from Flemish
Page 819 and 820:
54.11 Lessons Learned A complex sys
Page 821 and 822:
forge a genuinely ‘autonomous’
Page 823 and 824:
administrations is deemed to change
Page 825 and 826:
The desire to improve recycling per
Page 827 and 828:
Table 55-2: BMW Landfilled in Engla
Page 829 and 830:
55.6 Implementation Costs The inten
Page 831 and 832:
context of UK waste management wher
Page 833 and 834:
During 2007/08, the Environment Age
Page 835 and 836:
823 � Market-relevant information
Page 837 and 838:
need to consider not just ‘policy
Page 839 and 840:
In the above scenario, with capture
Page 841 and 842:
829 figures include nappies, as is
Page 843 and 844:
of the order 65% would reduce the q
Page 845 and 846:
56.2 Proposed Policies to Deal with
Page 847 and 848:
2) Incineration, Incineration, Inci
Page 849 and 850:
Table 56-1: Levies Proposed in RIA,
Page 851 and 852:
839 dramatically reduced by margina
Page 853 and 854:
4) Combustible waste 5) Waste excee
Page 855 and 856:
843 Ew means annual energy containe
Page 857 and 858:
OTHER POLICIES 845 International Re
Page 859 and 860:
57.2 Benefits of Green Procurement
Page 861 and 862:
what can, and what cannot be done,
Page 863 and 864:
In light of the renewed EU Sustaina
Page 865 and 866:
WRAP WRAP WRAP The greening of serv
Page 867 and 868:
57.4.3 Washington State Recycling a
Page 869 and 870:
ecommendation to do so in 2003 via
Page 871 and 872:
859 environment into public procure
Page 873 and 874:
has created a ‘level playing fiel
Page 875 and 876:
Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No.850
Page 877 and 878:
epresentations in relation to this
Page 879 and 880:
TARGET SETTING 867 International Re
Page 881 and 882:
specific actors, or failing that, t
Page 883 and 884:
policy has not been sufficiently re
Page 885 and 886:
873 ban only ensures the best use o
Page 887 and 888:
ecent reports from PROGNOS, the EEA
Page 889 and 890:
877 � Separate collection at the
Page 891 and 892:
achieves this rate country wide. So
Page 893 and 894:
Figure 59-3: Recycling Rates Around
Page 895 and 896:
Box 2: Recycling Centres in Upper A
Page 897 and 898:
Source: Eunomia (2007) Scoping new
Page 899 and 900:
Figure 59-8: Recycling Rates Achiev
Page 901 and 902:
absolute terms, i.e. in terms of we
Page 903 and 904:
verbrandbaar bouw- en sloopafval”
Page 905 and 906:
Figure 59-10: Flanders Residual Was
Page 907 and 908:
there does appear to have been a sl
Page 909 and 910:
Figure 59-12: Residual Waste per In
Page 911 and 912:
899 • The total ‘better than ta
Page 913 and 914:
GRANT FUNDING 901 International Rev
Page 915 and 916:
NDP 2000-2006 Waste management & wa
Page 917 and 918:
authority projects approved for ass
Page 919 and 920:
previously been available for such
Page 921 and 922:
Table 60-1: Environment Fund Income
Page 923 and 924:
een provided are available in the E
Page 925 and 926:
additional 10% must be met by anoth
Page 927 and 928:
Management Board (CIWMB) provide gr
Page 929 and 930:
in place. This is very often to ena
Page 931 and 932:
However, earmarking reduces flexibi
Page 933 and 934:
60.8 Approach to Evaluating Effects
Page 935 and 936:
There is evidence to suggest that e
Page 937 and 938:
925 � undertaking research on qua
Page 939 and 940:
60.12 Lessons Learned The Flemish P
Page 941 and 942:
929 might be axed in times of fundi
Page 943 and 944:
61.0 Appraisal of Residual Waste Tr
Page 945 and 946:
933 � Biogas for vehicle fuels?
Page 947 and 948:
at landfill and incineration, but a
Page 949 and 950:
handle. The choice of discount rate
Page 951 and 952:
Other key variables of importance i
Page 953 and 954:
treatment may give rise to damages,
Page 955 and 956:
1. As described above (for basic st
Page 957 and 958:
In addition to these UK focused stu
Page 959 and 960:
Table 61-1: Externality Values for
Page 961 and 962:
Transport externalities were incorp
Page 963 and 964:
arrive at a ‘best estimate’ of
Page 965 and 966:
than greenhouse gases. This is hard
Page 967 and 968:
production, but mainly the much low
Page 969 and 970:
Table 61-5: Summary of externality
Page 971 and 972:
The second report, on the potential
Page 973 and 974:
961 also given the fact that the st
Page 975 and 976:
61.4 Concluding Remarks on the Lite
Page 977 and 978:
965 associated with fuel used withi
Page 979 and 980:
kg kg CO2 CO2 eq. eq. 62.1.1.2 Glob
Page 981 and 982:
These results suggest a significant
Page 983 and 984:
kg kg SO2 SO2 eq. eq. The results s
Page 985 and 986:
62.1.2 Summary of Results In additi
Page 987 and 988:
DALY, DALY, kg kg chloroethylene ch
Page 989 and 990:
This is clearly true, not least sin
Page 991 and 992:
979 � We have used two ‘sets’
Page 993 and 994:
981 includes a dose-response model
Page 995 and 996:
983 assessments is that the blanket
Page 997 and 998:
our analysis, as well as those asso
Page 999 and 1000:
Table 63-2: Emissions Avoided Throu
Page 1001 and 1002:
the Swedish ORWARE model for contro
Page 1003 and 1004:
instantaneous collection rates for
Page 1005 and 1006:
etween 0.1 to 5 l CH4/m 2*h, so tha
Page 1007 and 1008:
include up to 150 substances includ
Page 1009 and 1010:
63.2.2.2 Landfill of Pre-treated Wa
Page 1011 and 1012:
63.3.1.1 Energy Use at Incineration
Page 1013 and 1014:
of a thermal efficiency of 84% and
Page 1015 and 1016:
1003 data obtained from plant opera
Page 1017 and 1018:
Table 63-13: Air Quality Externalit
Page 1019 and 1020:
1007 1. Energy used within the trea
Page 1021 and 1022:
1009 � Optimised biofilter; and
Page 1023 and 1024:
Table 63-18: Results with Low Exter
Page 1025 and 1026:
Table 63-19: Emissions Associated w
Page 1027 and 1028:
metal, the production of which cons
Page 1029 and 1030:
The two processes have similar envi
Page 1031 and 1032:
Eunomia. 1263 The principal climate
Page 1033 and 1034:
Figure 63-1: N-balance of a One Ste
Page 1035 and 1036:
It should be noted that bioaerosols
Page 1037 and 1038:
Table 63-27: Summary of Damage Cost
Page 1039 and 1040:
If the biogas is cleaned of impurit
Page 1041 and 1042:
the source of the natural gas, and
Page 1043 and 1044:
Table 63-34: Summary of Damage Cost
Page 1045 and 1046:
64.0 Costs of Household Waste Colle
Page 1047 and 1048:
Within the following section we ass
Page 1049 and 1050:
in place). It is possible to sense-
Page 1051 and 1052:
Table 64-4: Household Annual Collec
Page 1053 and 1054:
Table 64-6: Interpretation of WRAP
Page 1055 and 1056:
1043 � Refuse collected weekly in
Page 1057 and 1058:
The nature of these authorities the
Page 1059 and 1060:
64.5 Collection Modelling for Irela
Page 1061 and 1062:
ignore, however, is that whilst cos
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