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standards at 120kg/inhabitant, making the system’s objectives all the more challenging. 195 The Schweinfurt system billing scheme works through an annual invoice (billed in 4 instalments) calculated upon the previous year’s performance by the household. Each year, an adjustment is made to the preceding year’s bill based upon the performance of the household relative to the beginning of year estimate. The three part tariff comprises: 1. A fixed fee. This was intended to cover the fixed costs of the collection infrastructure, including the bulky waste collection, the collection of tyres, fridges, special wastes etc. The annual cost for this fixed element varies with the size of residual waste bin chosen (the fixed fee is only linked to the refuse bin). For a 120l bin, the fee is €8 per month, and for a 240l bin, the fee is €16 per month. The minimum bin size is 120l. It is felt that smaller bins are unlikely to lead to optimised collection of the different fractions. 2. A fee per emptying of any bin. The basis for the ‘emptying charge’ is the amount saved by not emptying a bin. This was calculated as €0.20 per emptying; 3. A weight-based fee. This is set at €0.25/kg for residual waste and €0.15/kg for biowaste. 9.3 Key Organisations Involved in Implementation and Management In Germany the technical side of waste management is carried out by specialist associations for waste disposal (the joint waste management authority “Abfallzweckverband”). The establishment of such an association or the conversion of the structure of an existing association is considered to bring economic and logistical benefits in the management of waste. In Germany the local municipalities or counties are responsible, by law, for the collection and disposal of waste (Art. 15 para 1 of the Waste Recycling and Disposal Act, Art. 4 para 1 of the Waste Law of Hesse, Art. 5 para 1 of the Waste Law of Nord- Rhine Westphalia). Therefore the local authorities have the right, and indeed an obligation, to set up waste charge regulations. 9.4 Evaluation Studies Available For general aspects see: 162 � Council of Environmental Advisors (Sachverständigen Rat für Umweltfragen, SRU) Environmental Report („Umweltgutachten“) 2008, July 2008 (See: http://www.umweltrat.de for further information). � Council of Environmental Advisors (Sachverständigen Rat für Umweltfragen, SRU) Environmental Report („Umweltgutachten“) 2004, July 2004 Council of 195 Eunomia (2003) To Charge or Not to Charge? Final report to IWM (EB). 29/09/09
163 Environmental Advisors (Sachverständigen Rat für Umweltfragen, SRU) Environmental Report („Umweltgutachten“) 2002, July 2002. Specific report for the County Darmstadt-Dieburg: � DA-Di Werk Waste Management Concept (“Abfallwirtschaftkonzept 2007“), County Darmstadt-Dieburg, August 2007. 9.5 Environmental Benefits PAYT systems are observed to stimulate the recycling of material fractions of household waste if appropriate services are in place. It is not so straightforward, however, to assess the impact on waste prevention. Figure 9-1 shows the waste streams for Darmstadt-Dieburg, a county with a sophisticated PAYT system using barcoded wheeled bins. Figure 9-1: Waste Streams Per Capita and Year in County Darmstadt-Dieburg kg / capita / year 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 International Review of Waste Policy: Annexes Year of First Implementation Source: County Darmstadt-Dieburg (2007) DA-Di Werk Waste Management Concept “Abfallwirtschaftkonzept 2007”, August 2007. Metal cans (recycled) Packaging plastics (recycled: yellow bag) Glass (recycled) Paper (recycled) Kitchen and garden waste (composting) WEEE (separated) Residual waste (households) The figure shows the total amount of household waste (excluding bulky waste which is not a target of the PAYT system, but including waste from small companies) increasing from 311 kg/capita in 1990 to 423 kg/capita in 2001 – the first year with the application of the system in all municipalities of the county. However, this increase may have been significantly driven by the enhanced centralised composting service in the county (increase from 13 kg to 176 kg/capita) which may have resulted in increased waste arisings (see Sections 8.5 and 33.7.1 of the Annexes). Centralised collections may have reduced home composting (there is a high proportion of detached houses in the county).
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International Review of Waste Manag
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29/09/09
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ii 32.0 Levy on Waste Paints - Inte
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Glossary of Acronyms iv 29/09/09 AB
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vi 29/09/09 MSW Municipal solid was
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WASTE POLICIES - EXISTING FRAMEWORK
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3 departing from the hierarchy wher
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7. The inclusion of measures to pre
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7 Reuse; Reuse; Reuse; for example
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ut both grow. “Absolute decouplin
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1.4 Waste Recycling and Composting
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13 waste from these sources. Member
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Management (Food Waste) Regulations
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17 Such measures may include an acc
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19 � endeavour to reduce the use
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21 the European Union. Apart from l
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23 1. Member States shall set up a
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1.6 The Incineration Directive The
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1.7 The UNECE / Stockholm Conventio
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29 � Lindane to Annex A; � Pent
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2.0 Policy Instruments for Waste Ma
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33 agencies), and occasionally unde
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Mechanisms which operate through th
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identical, but in practice they hav
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39 that firms may still need to be
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41 � Recycling investment tax cre
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43 � Lack of communication betwee
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3.2 Issues with Current Situation I
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47 Greenstar claims that when the l
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3.3 Market Failure Currently in Ire
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51 franchise agreements reduce the
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as set out by the EU is limited in
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The beneficial network effects, or
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3.6 Recommendations What is often d
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59 which was designed to reflect a
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61 1. Whether the private sector ha
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4.0 The Role of Local Authorities 4
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that there have been no significant
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Local authorities have no obvious m
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introduced (and under which, they w
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71 International Review of Waste Po
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statutory waste management plans. I
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Each region has devised, and period
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uneconomic infrastructure and regio
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79 programme of measures to achieve
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Waste referred to in paragraph 1 is
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It is suggested that the regions sh
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6.0 Review of Irish Policy on Preve
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2. High quality data relating to wa
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company linked to the municipality
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infrastructure with a high emphasis
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93 and liaise with local authoritie
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To date the Market Development Grou
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Table 6-1: Generation of Municipal
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No adjustment was made to the proje
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whilst initiatives for unsolicited
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7.0 Pay-By-Use - Ireland 7.1 Outlin
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One of the waste management commitm
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eporting in the Annual National Was
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109 � In the absence of a kerbsid
Page 123 and 124: in case study areas, and an increas
Page 125 and 126: shifts/by separate staff, which in
Page 127 and 128: not reflected in reduced costs to c
Page 129 and 130: extent to which this compromises an
Page 131 and 132: and residual waste fee not so great
Page 133 and 134: 121 � Choosing collection schemes
Page 135 and 136: 8.3 Key Organisations Involved in I
Page 137 and 138: of material generated as waste (sin
Page 139 and 140: Figure 8-2: Balance of Costs and Be
Page 141 and 142: counterfactual. This type of approa
Page 143 and 144: 131 � Bin-volume based (i.e. wher
Page 145 and 146: 133 � Sack-based schemes with cha
Page 147 and 148: Table 8-4: Costs under Flat Rate Fe
Page 149 and 150: to this type of abuse given a) its
Page 151 and 152: the effect of certain variables on
Page 153 and 154: effects are not always verifiable i
Page 155 and 156: A French study (results shown in Fi
Page 157 and 158: Therefore, it would seem reasonable
Page 159 and 160: In many jurisdictions, where the pr
Page 161 and 162: 149 “M&S [Marks & Spencer] sell t
Page 163 and 164: cost of residual waste treatment is
Page 165 and 166: eduction in waste quantities. The m
Page 167 and 168: A useful report on illegal dumping,
Page 169 and 170: Generally, the view which prevails
Page 171 and 172: 9.0 Pay-by-use - Germany 9.1 Outlin
Page 173: Table 9-2: Charges for Residual Was
Page 177 and 178: Figure 9-2: Quantities of Residual
Page 179 and 180: The bulky waste collections, Figure
Page 181 and 182: The net effect of these changes for
Page 183 and 184: the market such as waste sluices (e
Page 185 and 186: Prior to the system’s introductio
Page 187 and 188: The case of Schweinfurt is truly ou
Page 189 and 190: 10.1.2 Approaches to Selective Coll
Page 191 and 192: 10.4 Key Organisations Involved in
Page 193 and 194: FOST-Plus reports the following col
Page 195 and 196: to recover costs in such a way that
Page 197 and 198: 11.0 Landfill Levy - Ireland 11.1 O
Page 199 and 200: 187 � Landfill operators. Local A
Page 201 and 202: Table 11-2: Trends in Household Was
Page 203 and 204: 191 • The effects of the Repak Pa
Page 205 and 206: positive. In 2007, of the €32,398
Page 207 and 208: 11.8 Response from Public and Indus
Page 209 and 210: When the landfill levy was first in
Page 211 and 212: 12.0 Producer Responsibility, Packa
Page 213 and 214: Although the European legislation d
Page 215 and 216: Table 12-1: Distribution of Respons
Page 217 and 218: 205 (v) 15% by weight for wood, sup
Page 219 and 220: 207 Companies that supply packaging
Page 221 and 222: Data from both Repak and self-compl
Page 223 and 224: Table 12-3: Average Compound Rate o
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The EEA report identifies the role
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The same study went on to highlight
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217 materials at source, effectivel
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and processors). In terms of the re
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Repak members, and non-major produc
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In their submission of information
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225 a. Direct costs of compliance (
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As noted above, there are differenc
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13.0 Producer Responsibility, Packa
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Directive. The current Regulations
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each year by an Industrial Structur
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generally cheaper to collect as it
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Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands
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Figure 13-1: Packaging Recycling an
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Country Country 241 % % of of colle
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It can be seen that against this me
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Figure 13-4: German License Fees Pa
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This is likely to have been depende
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Table 13-9: Financing Sources for R
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iv) Operational Operational Operati
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14.0 Producer Responsibility, Packa
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Table 14-2: Operators of Dual Syste
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provided by the DSD. Through the DS
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Following a poll in 2004, it became
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packaging has to be licensed by the
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15.0 Producer Responsibility - Flan
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265 � The industrial federations
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used to reimburse (inter)municipali
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Consumers can bring old and expired
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15.3.7 Waste Tyres The implementati
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273 � which treatment facilities
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VALORFRIT reimburses the municipali
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Figure 15-3: Belgian Packaging Wast
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279 � Widespread use of PBU; �
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Figure 15-4: Collection for Recycli
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283 � by January 2015, reuse and
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RECUPEL has continually sampled 5 %
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is currently being performed to ide
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Table 15-7 Green Dot Fees for Packa
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Moreover, the provisions of BEBAT n
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293 • All other types of oil gene
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procedure. It would be considerably
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16.0 Deposit Refund Systems - Inter
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same order as the cost savings from
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Country Country System System Year
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NT$13.01 per kg (US$0.39 at January
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collectors. These super-collectors
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A study in 2002 reviewed the outcom
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315 The existing studies show that
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Figure 16-2: Performance of US Stat
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Figure 16-5: Return Percentages of
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This is not to deny the possibility
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323 in in in packaging, packaging,
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harm caused by plastics in the mari
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327 Deposit containers would be tra
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have to be compared with the costs
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Of particular interest are some of
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Figure 16-7: Economic Cost per Tonn
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One of the concerns within Europe h
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(e.g. brought from Germany) so that
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Another pre-requisite, partly becau
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341 International Review of Waste P
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343 � Council of Environmental Ad
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step towards turning people away fr
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The sectors that profited from the
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349 � Willingness of the industry
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Green-Schools is run by An Taisce f
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18.3 When was the Policy Introduced
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355 � Green Homes: The Green Home
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Figure 18-1: Green Homes Research -
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composter. There are similar saving
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information on the various themes i
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Producers must register with the na
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365 • 2008: The Waste Management
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367 • Approved producer complianc
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the generation of electrical and el
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80% of WEEE primary processing take
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outed to charities and schools to d
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since June 2006 to guide and co-ord
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377 � Category 10 - Automatic dis
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table are the ‘2008 Review of Dir
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National National Register Register
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383 � The financial structures as
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purchased), though some offer it vo
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In order to facilitate their financ
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that product, the risk that the mat
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particular streams of WEEE. For exa
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Table 20-2 gives the amount of each
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demand that the receiving facilitie
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Table 20-3: Range of Total Costs fo
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kg), and a TV (15 kg), finding the
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20.10 Lessons Learned Administrativ
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Historical and ‘orphan’ waste,
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in 2012. Hence, the revision may im
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equipment. Furthermore producers do
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409 � 31 st December 2005: Almost
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411 � Regarding “new” WEEE (e
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ate of WEEE collected after the int
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A serious problem is the illegal ex
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22.0 Producer Responsibility, ELVs
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practice previously resulted in the
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421 of that producer's brand or for
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Ireland would be able to meet the r
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22.6.2 Environmental Benefits Assoc
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According to this paper: 427 � Th
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oth pieces of legislation is to res
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23.0 Producer Responsibility, ELVs
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driven the reclamation industry to
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23.2.7 Country-specific Characteris
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In addition to the benefits associa
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key reports highlight the importanc
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Government in the form of additiona
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affected. In any event, the effect
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447 happen and because a reasonable
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24.2 Policy Context and Reason for
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time of writing, though it is under
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24.7 Environmental Benefits The Bat
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24.11 Social and Distributional Con
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25.0 Producer Responsibility, Batte
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459 � The competent authorities s
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1995. 537 This proliferation is pri
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463 � Countries where separate co
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This has been possible under a broa
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specific battery types, they might
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For automotive and industrial batte
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25.6.1.2 Retailer Take-back Schemes
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Table 25-5: Average Cost per Kilogr
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effectively be financed at a cost o
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Collection methods in Europe have p
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26.2 Reasons for the Policy Accordi
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26.3 Key Organisations Involved in
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Figure 26-2: German Battery Composi
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26.11 Evasion and Enforcement The c
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27.0 Plastic Bag Levy - Ireland 27.
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27.5.1 Evaluation Studies Available
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491 � Retailers find the effects
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ags in 2003, compared with 36% in 1
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27.10 Social and Distributional Con
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27.14 Lessons Learned 27.14.1 Gener
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499 � Higher rates of recycling;
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Table 28-2: The Organisation of the
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same period of 9.8%. 600 The Danish
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that only 8,000-10,000 businesses w
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28.12 Lessons Learned The Danish sc
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a government body, the revenue is
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511 � Lubricating oil; � Antifr
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Considering the impact on the consu
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30.0 Product Taxes - Belgium 30.1 O
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and the Minister of Economic Affair
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Figure 30-1: Market Data on Single
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In order to achieve these targets,
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ecycling targets is partly linked t
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31.0 Plastic Bag Bans - Internation
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31.5 Environmental Benefits Environ
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32.0 Levy on Waste Paints - Interna
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The report concluded that total emp
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33.0 Circular WPPR 17/08 - Ireland
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private sector operators incur cost
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the organic waste fraction is no mo
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investments are utilised, will be i
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33.12 Complementary Policies Comple
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34.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (H
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paper/cardboard, metals (aluminium
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England and Wales (United Kingdom)
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householder/small commercial sector
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government is responsible for the w
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Indeed, there are clearly synergies
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strengthened as the increased costs
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from 15.4 % in 1994 to 49.2 % in 20
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materials. 675 Thus complementary p
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34.9 Effect of the Policy on Pricin
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� Strong industrial support via p
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municipality) unless it is composte
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City of Portland, Oregon (USA) The
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waste from manufacturing industries
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solid pre-requisite for the product
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575 However, pending the adoption o
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where the abovementioned statutory
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36.5 Environmental Benefits The env
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Table 36-2 Amount (‘000 tonnes) o
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separated kitchen and garden waste,
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36.9 Effect of the Policy on Pricin
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product, especially when bioactive
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589 risk of contamination with othe
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37.4 Key Organisations Involved in
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37.6.1 Environmental Benefits - Pre
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For proposed new composting facilit
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597 • The contaminated batch and
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Table 38-1: Junk Mail Policies Name
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them to increase efforts at suppres
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Table 38-3: Cost Savings from Junk
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39.0 Review of Irish Policy, Constr
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39.1.2 Recycling of C&D Waste - Gen
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40.3 When was the Policy Introduced
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out in national policy and in the i
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currently working in this area and
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goals that are shared by the Nation
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617 waste minimisation and recyclin
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41.7 Environmental Benefits The rev
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to 2 per cent of the landfill levy,
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623 � the name of the accountable
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625 initiatives. In other words, th
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environmental protection and optimu
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The NCDWC had a high level of suppo
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42.15 Lessons Learned For the purpo
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mandatory to varying degrees in Eng
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Japan 635 � Monitoring and auditi
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Hong Kong Industry surveying and in
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Table 43-1: Estimated Total Cost of
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43.8 Social and Distributional Cons
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short time frame over which it has
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In December 2007, Mr. John Gormley,
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647 of waste recovered at the facil
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44.13 Effect of the Policy on Prici
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implementing and managing the Proto
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46.0 Tax on Aggregates - Internatio
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The UK’s ‘Aggregate Levy’ app
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The following study is a comparison
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The intention to implement a landfi
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has encouraged innovation in recycl
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46.9.1 Quality Standards European S
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665 � if one fails to deregister,
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47.0 Product Standards for Aggregat
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It lays down regulations and standa
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has been recognised that recycled o
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48.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (C
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Companies are obliged to either sep
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Table 48-2: Construction and Demoli
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Construction and demolition project
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Belgium Following Article 16 in Cha
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The UK Environment Agency have buil
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during Construction Work came into
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codes. For example, Korea introduce
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In Japan, the lead contractor is re
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50.0 Minimum Recycling Standards (C
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POLICIES FOR RESIDUAL WASTE 693 Int
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695 advance the Commission of their
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have stabilised over the last six y
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ased instruments, or through regula
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Figure 51-4: Materials Captured (re
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200,000 tonnes, though some of this
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tonnes early in 2010, and as much a
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We discuss the matters further belo
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as was made clear above, the inclus
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51.4.2.3 Comment on Targets A conce
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seem that there is little or no bas
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It acknowledges the role of a numbe
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The proposed minimum pre-treatment
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719 The introduction of this measur
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The growing strength of these inter
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It goes on: 723 fully stabilised wa
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of electricity consumption from ren
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52.0 Policies Aimed at Discouraging
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promote cost effective means of res
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authorities work jointly on a strat
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Table 52-1: Summary of Measures by
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It is illuminating to note that in
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737 implemented to make treatment o
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environmental projects, and 45% is
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enclosure; and ii) municipal waste
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52.2.4.4 Finland In 1993, two years
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The objectives of the waste tax are
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52.2.4.10 Country-specific Characte
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meant to finance the Modernisation
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751 - 1995: Publication of a regula
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esidual treatments, and thus exempt
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incineration facilities produce ele
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There are several bands in this tax
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educe the quantity, or improve the
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761 announced in the November 1995
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52.4 Evaluation Studies Available I
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disposal costs necessarily would le
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discernible change in the trend in
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A report on Finnish waste managemen
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some cases, notably in the foundry
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absence of any form of waste tax. F
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Netherlands and Sweden. One might a
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777 ‘the amount of landfilled was
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consequences of an incineration tax
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52.5.6 Reduction in Incineration As
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environmental performance. The land
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increase of between 30-100%. In Aus
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emaining residual waste separately.
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52.11 Evasion and Enforcement 52.11
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Table 52-7: Summary of Measures by
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� A clear rationale for the propo
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overall costs of household waste ma
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53.7 Effects on Technical Change /
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the costs for disposal in municipal
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801 � Old and expired medication.
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Even with high landfill levies, the
Page 817 and 818:
Figure 54-4: Revenues from Flemish
Page 819 and 820:
54.11 Lessons Learned A complex sys
Page 821 and 822:
forge a genuinely ‘autonomous’
Page 823 and 824:
administrations is deemed to change
Page 825 and 826:
The desire to improve recycling per
Page 827 and 828:
Table 55-2: BMW Landfilled in Engla
Page 829 and 830:
55.6 Implementation Costs The inten
Page 831 and 832:
context of UK waste management wher
Page 833 and 834:
During 2007/08, the Environment Age
Page 835 and 836:
823 � Market-relevant information
Page 837 and 838:
need to consider not just ‘policy
Page 839 and 840:
In the above scenario, with capture
Page 841 and 842:
829 figures include nappies, as is
Page 843 and 844:
of the order 65% would reduce the q
Page 845 and 846:
56.2 Proposed Policies to Deal with
Page 847 and 848:
2) Incineration, Incineration, Inci
Page 849 and 850:
Table 56-1: Levies Proposed in RIA,
Page 851 and 852:
839 dramatically reduced by margina
Page 853 and 854:
4) Combustible waste 5) Waste excee
Page 855 and 856:
843 Ew means annual energy containe
Page 857 and 858:
OTHER POLICIES 845 International Re
Page 859 and 860:
57.2 Benefits of Green Procurement
Page 861 and 862:
what can, and what cannot be done,
Page 863 and 864:
In light of the renewed EU Sustaina
Page 865 and 866:
WRAP WRAP WRAP The greening of serv
Page 867 and 868:
57.4.3 Washington State Recycling a
Page 869 and 870:
ecommendation to do so in 2003 via
Page 871 and 872:
859 environment into public procure
Page 873 and 874:
has created a ‘level playing fiel
Page 875 and 876:
Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No.850
Page 877 and 878:
epresentations in relation to this
Page 879 and 880:
TARGET SETTING 867 International Re
Page 881 and 882:
specific actors, or failing that, t
Page 883 and 884:
policy has not been sufficiently re
Page 885 and 886:
873 ban only ensures the best use o
Page 887 and 888:
ecent reports from PROGNOS, the EEA
Page 889 and 890:
877 � Separate collection at the
Page 891 and 892:
achieves this rate country wide. So
Page 893 and 894:
Figure 59-3: Recycling Rates Around
Page 895 and 896:
Box 2: Recycling Centres in Upper A
Page 897 and 898:
Source: Eunomia (2007) Scoping new
Page 899 and 900:
Figure 59-8: Recycling Rates Achiev
Page 901 and 902:
absolute terms, i.e. in terms of we
Page 903 and 904:
verbrandbaar bouw- en sloopafval”
Page 905 and 906:
Figure 59-10: Flanders Residual Was
Page 907 and 908:
there does appear to have been a sl
Page 909 and 910:
Figure 59-12: Residual Waste per In
Page 911 and 912:
899 • The total ‘better than ta
Page 913 and 914:
GRANT FUNDING 901 International Rev
Page 915 and 916:
NDP 2000-2006 Waste management & wa
Page 917 and 918:
authority projects approved for ass
Page 919 and 920:
previously been available for such
Page 921 and 922:
Table 60-1: Environment Fund Income
Page 923 and 924:
een provided are available in the E
Page 925 and 926:
additional 10% must be met by anoth
Page 927 and 928:
Management Board (CIWMB) provide gr
Page 929 and 930:
in place. This is very often to ena
Page 931 and 932:
However, earmarking reduces flexibi
Page 933 and 934:
60.8 Approach to Evaluating Effects
Page 935 and 936:
There is evidence to suggest that e
Page 937 and 938:
925 � undertaking research on qua
Page 939 and 940:
60.12 Lessons Learned The Flemish P
Page 941 and 942:
929 might be axed in times of fundi
Page 943 and 944:
61.0 Appraisal of Residual Waste Tr
Page 945 and 946:
933 � Biogas for vehicle fuels?
Page 947 and 948:
at landfill and incineration, but a
Page 949 and 950:
handle. The choice of discount rate
Page 951 and 952:
Other key variables of importance i
Page 953 and 954:
treatment may give rise to damages,
Page 955 and 956:
1. As described above (for basic st
Page 957 and 958:
In addition to these UK focused stu
Page 959 and 960:
Table 61-1: Externality Values for
Page 961 and 962:
Transport externalities were incorp
Page 963 and 964:
arrive at a ‘best estimate’ of
Page 965 and 966:
than greenhouse gases. This is hard
Page 967 and 968:
production, but mainly the much low
Page 969 and 970:
Table 61-5: Summary of externality
Page 971 and 972:
The second report, on the potential
Page 973 and 974:
961 also given the fact that the st
Page 975 and 976:
61.4 Concluding Remarks on the Lite
Page 977 and 978:
965 associated with fuel used withi
Page 979 and 980:
kg kg CO2 CO2 eq. eq. 62.1.1.2 Glob
Page 981 and 982:
These results suggest a significant
Page 983 and 984:
kg kg SO2 SO2 eq. eq. The results s
Page 985 and 986:
62.1.2 Summary of Results In additi
Page 987 and 988:
DALY, DALY, kg kg chloroethylene ch
Page 989 and 990:
This is clearly true, not least sin
Page 991 and 992:
979 � We have used two ‘sets’
Page 993 and 994:
981 includes a dose-response model
Page 995 and 996:
983 assessments is that the blanket
Page 997 and 998:
our analysis, as well as those asso
Page 999 and 1000:
Table 63-2: Emissions Avoided Throu
Page 1001 and 1002:
the Swedish ORWARE model for contro
Page 1003 and 1004:
instantaneous collection rates for
Page 1005 and 1006:
etween 0.1 to 5 l CH4/m 2*h, so tha
Page 1007 and 1008:
include up to 150 substances includ
Page 1009 and 1010:
63.2.2.2 Landfill of Pre-treated Wa
Page 1011 and 1012:
63.3.1.1 Energy Use at Incineration
Page 1013 and 1014:
of a thermal efficiency of 84% and
Page 1015 and 1016:
1003 data obtained from plant opera
Page 1017 and 1018:
Table 63-13: Air Quality Externalit
Page 1019 and 1020:
1007 1. Energy used within the trea
Page 1021 and 1022:
1009 � Optimised biofilter; and
Page 1023 and 1024:
Table 63-18: Results with Low Exter
Page 1025 and 1026:
Table 63-19: Emissions Associated w
Page 1027 and 1028:
metal, the production of which cons
Page 1029 and 1030:
The two processes have similar envi
Page 1031 and 1032:
Eunomia. 1263 The principal climate
Page 1033 and 1034:
Figure 63-1: N-balance of a One Ste
Page 1035 and 1036:
It should be noted that bioaerosols
Page 1037 and 1038:
Table 63-27: Summary of Damage Cost
Page 1039 and 1040:
If the biogas is cleaned of impurit
Page 1041 and 1042:
the source of the natural gas, and
Page 1043 and 1044:
Table 63-34: Summary of Damage Cost
Page 1045 and 1046:
64.0 Costs of Household Waste Colle
Page 1047 and 1048:
Within the following section we ass
Page 1049 and 1050:
in place). It is possible to sense-
Page 1051 and 1052:
Table 64-4: Household Annual Collec
Page 1053 and 1054:
Table 64-6: Interpretation of WRAP
Page 1055 and 1056:
1043 � Refuse collected weekly in
Page 1057 and 1058:
The nature of these authorities the
Page 1059 and 1060:
64.5 Collection Modelling for Irela
Page 1061 and 1062:
ignore, however, is that whilst cos
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