International Review of Waste Management Policy - Department of ...

from 15.4 % in 1994 to 49.2 % in 2004. 666
Switzerland
Statistics provided on the Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) 667 website
indicate that the municipal waste recycling rate in Switzerland has been over 40 % for
a number of years, with capture rates in 2006 for individual materials as follows:
paper at 77 %, aluminium cans at 90 %, PET bottles at 76 %, biowaste at 34 % and
glass particularly high at 95.6 %.
Taiwan
The original recycling target linked to the introduction of mandatory recycling in 2006
was to reach 28.75 % by 2008; Taiwan had already exceeded this rate by 2007 with
a recycling rate of 38.7%. 668
New Jersey (USA)
The total municipal (including businesses and institutions) recycling rate in New
Jersey in 2006 was reported as 54.8 %. 669 A report by Schaumburg and Doyle (1994)
condemned the mandatory recycling scheme in New Jersey due to the high cost of
administering and running such a system, whilst acknowledging that the policy has
had a direct effect on increasing recycling rates. 670
34.6 Implementation Costs
In countries such as Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany and Switzerland, the
minimum recycling standards for packaging materials are principally funded by
producer responsibility schemes (which are in turn supported by pre-paid disposal
fees). This means that in, for example, Switzerland, the producer fully funds
aluminium collection, mostly funds glass collection and partly funds paper/cardboard
collection. Such schemes are discussed in more detail in Section 13.0.
By contrast, countries such as the UK and Denmark pay for their recycling collection
schemes predominantly via local taxes. In Denmark, in some situations, pay-by-use is
also used in some municipalities in order to promote source separation of waste (see
Section 8.0). In the UK, in the past, the costs of implementation and running of door-
666 OECD (2006) Impacts of Unit-Based Waste Collection Charges, Working Group on Waste Prevention
and Recycling, Environment Policy Committee.
667 Available at http://www.bafu.admin.ch/abfall/01517/01519/index.html?lang=en
668 Environmental Protection Administration (2008) Taiwan’s Zero Waste Policy to Meet 2008 Goal in
Advance, available at
http://www.epa.gov.tw/en/epashow.aspx?list=112&path=11972&guid=c26aa5d0-a280-4e72-9a38a0b4f1e2bdff&lang=en-us
669 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (2006) New Jersey Generation, Disposal and
Recycling Statistics, available online at
http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/stat_links/06%20Disposal_%20Rates_%20County.pdf.
670 G.W. Shaumburg and K.T. Doyle (1994) Wasting Resources to Reduce Waste: Recycling in New
Jersey, Cato Policy Analysis, 202.
557
International Review of Waste Policy: Annexes