International Review of Waste Management Policy - Department of ...

arrive at a ‘best estimate’ of the damages associated with the pollutants being
examined. 1169
Given that knowledge of the health effects of various pollutants is still developing,
and that some methodological issues are unresolved in the approaches to valuation,
it is to be expected that estimates will vary across studies. However, the values
derived for use in the HM C&E study are almost all lower than those derived for the
UK in the CAFÉ study. Indeed, only for PM does the high end of the range used in the
body of work we are discussing overlap with any part of the range deemed
appropriate from the UK-based modelling under CAFÉ.
The Enviros and EFTEC study adopts a sophisticated modelling approach to
understand the exposure arising from different sources of emissions but adopts
conservative – possibly outdated - estimates of the impacts of the pollutants. As
pointed out above, the analysis is doubly conservative since it concentrates on only a
small range of pollutants.
The estimates are considered conservative partly because a view from COMEAP - put
forward in 1998 – suggested that several impacts should not be valued because
‘accurate’ dose response functions could not be agreed upon. The values in this
report, therefore, omit a range of health effects typically captured in EU studies, such
as:
951
1. Congestive heart failure
2. Restricted activity days
3. Bronchodilator use
4. Cough
5. Lower respiratory symptoms –n children
6. Cerebrovascular hospital admission
7. Chronic bronchitis
8. Chronic cough
9. Asthma attack
10. Minor restricted activity day
For comparison, the unit damage costs derived from three studies are given in Table
61-2.
1169 See European Commission (1998) DGXII (JOULE Programme) Externalities of Energy, ExternE
Project, Report Number 10, National Implementation. Edited by CIEMAT. Report available from
European Commission DG Research; M. Holland and P. Watkiss (2002) Benefits Table Database:
Estimates of the Marginal External Costs of Air Pollution in Europe, Database Prepared for European
Commission DG Environment; AEAT Environment (2005) Damages per tonne Emission of PM2.5, NH3,
SO2, NOx and VOCs from Each EU25 Member State (excluding Cyprus) and Surrounding Seas, Report
to DG Environment of the European Commission, March 2005.
International Review of Waste Policy: Annexes