International Review of Waste Management Policy - Department of ...

Figure 8-8: Average Prices for 20 Litre Volume-Based Waste Fee Sacks, Korea
152
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
29/09/09
average watse bag price(20 liters)
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Source: Korea Environmental Policy Bulletin, Update Version of Issue 1, Volume 1, January 2006.
8.11 Evasion and Enforcement
A policy which places a financial impact on waste production can inevitably lead to
illegal behaviour to avoid the charge. Issues such as ‘waste tourism’ and illegal
dumping, and how to limit them / deal with them when they occur need to be
considered.
8.11.1 Waste Tourism
One such effect, ‘waste tourism’, can be observed where charging regimes are not
enforced in nearby areas.
Linderhof et al report a study by the city of Oostzaan, which estimates that about 4–
5% of waste is taken to surrounding municipalities (which is approximately 13–17%
of the reduction in waste prompted by the introduction of the weight-based pricing
system in the area). 184 Dijkgraaf and Gradus, on the other hand, carry out a modelling
exercise to estimate the impact of pay-by-use on waste in surrounding communities.
Few of the coefficients were found to be of significance; however, the largest effect
was reported for weight based systems which suggested a 0.6% increase in the
quantity of collected refuse in neighbouring communities. 185
In the OECD charging review, in the case of the Spanish municipality of Torrelles de
Llobregat, we estimated that the phenomenon might account for 15% of the observed
184 V. Linderhof, P. Kooreman, M. Allers and D. Wiersma (2001) Weight-based pricing in the collection
of household waste: the Oostzaan case, Resource and Energy Economics 23, 359–371.
185 E. Dijkgraaf and R. Gradus (2003) Cost Savings of Unit-Based Pricing of Household Waste, the Case
of the Netherlands, Rotterdam: OCFEB.