480531170

THE 185 FIFTH GRADE CHARACTERS
641
L3
圧
ATSU
pressure
5 strokes
ATSURYOKUpressure
DEN’ATSUvoltage
ATTŌTEKIoverwhelming
Seal ; late graph (Shuowen); traditional .
The graph comprises 64 ‘earth, soil’, and
(CO, analyzed as ‘cover’, ‘oppress’, ‘press’, or
‘sated with oppressive feeling [from overeating]’,
‘weary’) as phonetic with associated sense
‘press down’, to give ‘press down and cover
with earth’; later this became more generalized
in meaning as ‘press down, pressure’. The
element was added at the seal stage to
create this graph so as to differentiate clearly
the meaning ‘press down’ from other meanings
of . KJ1970:105; YK1976:50; OT1968:210;
MS1995:v1:186-9, v2:840-41; TA1965:853-9;
AS2007:550; QX2000:267. As a mnemonic we
suggest taking as a cliff.
Mnemonic: EARTH UNDER A CLIFF IS UNDER
PRESSURE
642
移
I, utsuru/su
transfer, move
L3
11 strokes
IDŌmovement
IMINmigrants
utsurigifickle
Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). The graph comprises
87 ‘grain’, and 180 (‘many, numerous’)
as a phonetic with an associated sense
of ‘sway (in the breeze)’, to give the original
643
L3
因
6
IN, yoru
cause, depend on,
be based on
strokes
GEN’INcause
SHIINcause of death
INGAkarma, destiny
OBI ; seal . Interpretations vary. One
analysis takes the graph as 56 (‘big’ [person
with limbs extended], here treated simply as
‘person’), and , an element meaning ‘enclosure’
(see 84), to give ‘live in someone else’s
house’; and then by extension, other senses
such as ‘rely on’, ‘cause’ (Katō, Yamada). Katō
suggests that also has a phonetic role with
an associated sense ‘stay’, ‘visit’, though this
may be questioned based on pronunciations.
meaning ‘grain plants swaying in the breeze’.
Commentators generally regard ‘move’ as a loan
usage, but the original sense of already involves
some degree of movement. On the basis
of the early Chinese sound values, it seems
likely that is serving here as an abbreviation
for 迻 (CO, ‘walk with a swaying motion’).
‘Transfer’ is an extended meaning. KJ1970:17-
18; YK1976:55; OT1968:733; MS1995:v2:1286;
AS2007:566.
Mnemonic: TRANSFER MANY RICE PLANTS
Ma, by contrast, takes the graph as originally
showing a prisoner in confinement, while
Ogawa interprets it as a person with limbs
outstretched, sleeping on a mattress. Gu takes
it to be not a person on the mat/mattress,
but a pattern, i.e. a patterned mat/mattress,
and considers the OBI form to be the same as
that for 549 (‘seat’ qv); if the corresponding
OBI forms for and have been correctly
identified, then there are cases of identical form
as Gu suggests, but at the same time there
are occurrences between the two with some
variation.’ KJ1970:62; YK1976:60; OT1968:202;
MR2007:346; MS1995:v1:252-3. We suggest that
the easiest mnemonic is a big man within an
enclosure.
Mnemonic: ENCLOSED BIG MAN HAS CAUSE
TO DEPEND ON OTHERS
The 185 Fifth Grade Characters 209