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2114 L1 烈 RETSU fierce, intense 10 strokes REKKAragingfire RETSUJOheroine REPPŪgale 2115 裂 RETSU, saku/keru split, rip, rend L1 12 strokes HARETSUbursting BUNRETSUsplitting sakemerip, tear, crack 2116 恋 REN, koi(shii) love, beloved L2 10 strokes REN’AIlove SHITSURENlost love koibitolover Seal ( 孌 ) ; late graph (Shuowen); traditional . Shuowen has only 孌 ; is later variant. 孌 has 37 ‘woman’, with 䜌 (‘unravel tangled thread’; see Note 1) as phonetic with associated sense taken as i] ‘connected’ > ‘connected to woman’ (Katō), or ii] ‘entangled’ > ‘entangled with woman’ (Tōdō), or iii] ‘draw’ > ‘drawn towards woman’ (Ogawa) (see Note 2). For , meanings are adjusted to i] ‘heart connected’, or ii] ‘heart entangled’, or iii] ‘heart drawn to’. Clerical script 2117 廉 REN honest, cheap, corner L1 13 strokes RENCHOKUintegrity RENKAcheap price HARENCHIimpudence Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 8 ‘fire’, with 437 (‘row’) as phonetic with associated sense taken as i] ‘severe, violent’, > ‘burn violently’ (Ogawa), or ii] ‘erupt, burst out’ > ‘fire burns vigorously and explodes’ (Katō), or iii] ‘divide up’ > ‘flames divide and shoot up’ (Mizukami). ‘Severe/intense’ are extensions. OT1968:619; KJ1970:922; MS1995:v2:800-01. Mnemonic: ROW OF FIERCE FIRES Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 444 ‘garment’, with 437 (‘row’; orig ‘cut up’) as phonetic with associated sense taken as i] ‘rip, cut’ (Ogawa), or ii] ‘take apart, separate’ (Katō) > ‘cut up (when making garment)’. Now used for accidental rip. OT1968:905; KJ1970:922. Mnemonic: ROW OF RIPPED CLOTHES! already has ; is based on cursive forms of . Note 1: one bronze form of 䜌 shows hand over three skeins of silk thread, seen as ‘untangle thread’; some bronze/seal forms have ‘silk’ (two skeins of silk thread), with (‘words’ 118) as phonetic with associated sense ‘tangled’ > ‘(silk) thread gets tangled’, or ‘unravel tangled thread’ (given in Mizukami). Note 2: the associated senses given by Ogawa and Tōdō relate to the form of this graph with heart 164, but have been applied here also to earlier equivalent with . DJ2009:v3:1021; MS1995:v2:1212-13; FC1974:v1:891; KJ1970:897; TA1965:555- 7; OT1968:371; SK1984:318; AS2007:478. QX2000:179. Use (NJK ‘again’, 1876). Mnemonic: MY HEART IS IN LOVE AGAIN Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Consists of 127 ‘roof, building’, with 1281 (‘combine’) as phonetic with associated sense taken as i] ‘angular’ (Ogawa), giving ‘corner’, or ii] ‘lean, incline’, also giving ‘corner’ (Shirakawa), or – in similar vein – iii] ‘steep’, giving ‘steep (side)’ (Katō). ‘Honest’ and ‘cheap’ are loan uses of . OT1968:331; SS1984:906; KJ1970:926 Mnemonic: NOT MANY CORNERS IN CHEAP BUILDING The Remaining 1130 Characters 637
2118 錬 REN, neru refine, train, drill L1 16 strokes RENKINJUTSUalchemy RENSEItraining neriganetempered steel Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen); traditional . Consists of 16 ‘metal’ (Katō takes as ‘ore’), combined with 438 (CO, ‘select’; q.v.) as phonetic with associated sense taken either as i] ‘soften’, giving ‘soften and forge metal’ (Ogawa), or ii] ‘liquify’, giving ‘ore liquifies’ (Katō)’ or iii] ‘process, treat’, giving ‘treat metal (by heating)’ (Shirakawa). OT1968:1046; KJ1970:926-7; SS1984:908. Take right side as ‘east’ 201. Mnemonic: GO EAST FOR TRAINING IN METAL REFINING 2119 呂 RO, RYO backbone, tone L2 7 strokes FUROfuro bath RORETSU*articulation I-RO-HAJapanese ‘ABC’ OBI ; seal . Etymology disputed, all depending on how the shape of this graph is interpreted. is explained in Shuowen as ‘spine, vertebrae’, and Mizukami and Ogawa follow this. Shirakawa, though, considers ‘ingots’ to be the correct original meaning. Gu takes it to be ‘(palace) rooms’, with ‘backbone’ as a meaning which evolved on the basis of the definition in Shuowen. MS1995:v1:222-3; OT1968:174; SS1984:880; GY2008:260-61. Mnemonic: BACKBONE HAS CONNECTED SQUARE BONES 2120 L1 炉 RO furnace, hearth 8 strokes IRORIfireside, hearth DANROhearth, stove GENSHIROnuclear reactor Seal () ; traditional . According to Katō, one of the manuscripts of Shuowen notes as popular equivalent of . has 16 ‘metal’, with 盧 (NJK, ‘container’; see Note below) taken either as semantic and phonetic meaning ‘box’, giving ‘hearth; brazier’ (Ogawa), or as phonetic with associated sense ‘be/put in’, giving ‘brazier’ (Katō). By extension, ‘furnace’. Note: 盧 is treated by Mizukami and Katō as identical to
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THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO Japanese Kanj
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Published by Tuttle Publishing, an
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The 80 First-Grade Characters......
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Acknowledgments Thanks are due to O
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writing brush, and then incised. Wr
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1.5 Cursive Script Forms While the
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5) ‘semantic-phonetic compounds
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alternative etymologies for the sam
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集韻 Jiyun (Collected Rhymes; J.
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text in reverse, then the blocks we
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eflects the reality that in this bo
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compound characters, in the form ),
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Limitations of This Book This book
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that the word kuruma ‘vehicle’
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Hiragana and Katakana and Their Sou
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Hiragana Katakana HO from HO from
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The 214 Determinatives (or ‘Radic
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No. English Alternative forms/nickn
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4. However, in a few cases vertical
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Editorial and Typographical Matters
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THE KANJI
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6 L4 音 ON, IN, oto, ne sound 9
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14 休 KYŪ, yasumu rest(ing) L5 6
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23 L5 校 KŌ school, check 10 stro
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33 L5 車 SHA, kuruma vehicle 7
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43 L4 GAKUSEI student ISSH
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51 L5 52 L4 先 SEN, saki prior,
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59 L5 中 4 CHŪ, naka middle, insi
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68 年 NEN, toshi year L5 6 strokes
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76 L5 目 5 MOKU, me, ma eye, look,
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85 遠 EN, tōi distant L4 13 strok
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93 L5 会 KAI, E, au meet 6 stro
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101 L3 丸 3 GAN, maru, marui round
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110 L4 111 L4 京 KYŌ, KEI c
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118 L5 言 GEN, GON, koto, iu wo
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126 L3 公 KŌ, ōyake public, fair
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134 合 GŌ, KATSU, au/waseru Alter
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142 L3 算 SAN reckon, count 14
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150 L4 自 JI, SHI, mizukara sel
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158 春 SHUN, haru of ‘forest’.
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166 L4 親 SHIN, oya, shitashii
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174 L3 雪 SETSU, yuki snow 11 stro
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182 L4 体 TAI, TEI, karada body 7
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190 L4 鳥 CHŌ, tori bird 11 st
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199 冬 TŌ, fuyu winter L4 5 strok
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207 L3 内 NAI, DAI, uchi inside
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215 L3 番 BAN number, guard, tu
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224 L5 北 HOKU, kita north, fle
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233 L4 234 L5 野 YA, no moor
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THE 200 THIRD GRADE CHARACTERS 241
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249 L4 院 IN institute 10 strok
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258 L3 HENKAchange KESHŌmake-u
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267 L3 岸 GAN, kishi bank, shor
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276 L4 去 KYO, KO, saru go, leave,
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285 L3 君 KUN, kimi lord, you, Mr
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294 向 KŌ, muku/keru/kau/kō turn
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303 L4 使 SHI, tsukau use, serv
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311 L3 式 SHIKI ceremony, form 6 s
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319 受 JU, ukeru receive L3 8 stro
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327 L3 宿 SHUKU, yado(ru) lodge, s
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335 L3 勝 SHŌ, katsu, masaru win,
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343 L4 進 SHIN, susumu/meru advanc
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351 L3 息 10 SOKU, iki breath, res
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359 第 DAI grade, order L3 11 stro
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367 丁 CHŌ, TEI block , exact L1
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375 転 TEN, korogeru/garu rotate,
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383 等 TŌ, hitoshii, nado class,
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391 L3 畑 hata, hatake (dry-) f
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400 L3 筆 HITSU, fude writing brus
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408 L4 服 FUKU clothes, yield,
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415 L4 味 MI, aji, ajiwau taste
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423 有 YŪ, U, aru have, exist L4
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430 L3 様 14 YŌ, sama situatio
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437 L3 列 RETSU row, line 6 str
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texts for ‘use, employ, in order
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451 L3 塩 EN, shio salt 13 strokes
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458 L3 改 KAI, aratameru/maru refo
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with minor bureaucrat/official’.
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pleased’ is seen as an extended s
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479 L3 泣 KYŪ, naku weep, cry 8 s
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487 競 KYŌ, KEI, kisou, seru comp
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494 L3 景 KEI, KE scene, view,
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solid’. KJ1970:392; YK1976:167; T
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509 L4 菜 SAI, na vegetable, ra
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516 L3 察 SATSU judge, surmise,
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522 L1 氏 SHI, uji clan, family, m
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529 L3 530 L4 失 SHITSU, ush
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537 L3 笑 SHŌ, warau, emu laugh,
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still acting as phonetic and still
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551 L3 折 SETSU, ori, oru/reru ben
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558 L3 争 SŌ, arasou conflict, vi
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566 L3 帯 TAI , obi, obiru belt
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574 L1 腸 CHŌ, harawata intest
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582 L3 努 DO, tsutomeru endeavor,
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591 L3 敗 HAI, yaburu/reru defe
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599 L3 標 HYŌ , shirushi sign(pos
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found in the clerical script. Mizuk
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614 牧 BOKU, maki OBI ; seal . Has
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621 L3 約 9 YAKU promise, approx.,
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628 L3 良 RYŌ, yoi good 7 stro
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636 L3 歴 REKI history, path 14 st
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THE 185 FIFTH GRADE CHARACTERS 641
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647 L3 易 8 EKI, I, yasui, yasa
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654 L1 恩 ON favor, kindness 10 st
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660 L1 賀 GA congratulations 12 st
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667 L1 668 L3 幹 KAN, miki trun
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674 L1 義 GI righteousness 13 s
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682 L3 禁 KIN forbid, ban 13 st
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690 L3 検 KEN investigate 12 strok
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sense, i.e. ‘test by comparison
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(original Peking Palace woodblock e
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713 L3 罪 ZAI, tsumi crime, sin 13
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720 L3 師 SHI teacher, model, a
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726 L4 質 SHITSU, SHICHI, CHI q
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733 L3 準 JUN level, conform, quas
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741 L3 情 11 JŌ, SEI, nasake feel
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749 製 SEI Seal ; late graph (Shuo
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757 L1 銭 SEN, zeni sen, coin, mon
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764 L3 則 SOKU, nori, nottoru rule
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772 L3 団 DANgodumpling FUTONfu
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780 L1 統 TŌ, suberu supervise, l
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788 破 HA, yaburu/reru Seal ; late
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796 L1 俵 HYŌ, tawara sack, ba
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of two vessels (one upright and the
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810 L3 報 HŌ, mukuiru report,
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816 L3 夢 MU, yume dream 13 stroke
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824 L3 留 10 RYŪ, RU, tomaru/meru
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830 映 EI, utsuru/su, haeru reflec
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838 L3 割 KATSU, wari, waru div
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847 L1 貴 KI, tattoi/bu, tōtoi
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854 L1 筋 KINNIKUmuscle sujimi
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862 L3 権 15 KEN, GON right, au
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869 L1 后 6 KŌ, GO, kisaki empres
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877 L3 骨 KOTSU, hone bone, frame
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885 L1 蚕 SAN, kaiko silkworm 1
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893 L1 射 SHA, iru shoot 10 stroke
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900 L1 就 12 SHŪ, JU, tsuku take
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907 L3 処 SHO deal with, place
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914 L3 城 JŌ, shiro castle 9 stro
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922 L1 聖 SEISHObible SEIJIN sa
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930 L1 奏 9 SŌ, kanaderu play ins
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938 存 SON, ZON senses ‘not move
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946 値 CHI, atai, ne price, value
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953 L3 賃 CHIN wages, fee 13 st
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961 L3 乳 NYŪ, chichi, chi bre
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968 L1 肺 HAI lung(s) 9 strokes
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976 L1 奮 FUN, furuu be excited, s
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983 L1 宝 HŌ, takara treasure
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992 L1 模 MO, BO copy, model, m
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1000 L3 卵 RAN, tamago egg, roe
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THE REMAINING 1130 CHARACTERS 1007
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1015 依 I, E, yoru OBI ; seal . Ha
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1022 L1 椅 I chair 12 strokes IS
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1030 L1 茨 9 ibara, SHI thatch, br
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1038 唄 uta, BAI song L1 10 stroke
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item’ (Ogawa, Katō), or - origin
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noted in Mizukami as an extended me
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1059 L1 1060 L2 汚 6 O, kegare/
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1068 岡 oka, KŌ hill, knoll L3 8
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1075 穏 ON, odayaka peace, moderat
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1083 暇 KA, hima, itoma leisure, f
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1091 瓦 GA, kawara, GURAMU tile, g
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1099 L1 皆 KAI, min(n)a all, ev
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1106 L1 劾 8 GAI investigate (a wr
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1114 垣 kaki fence, hedge L1 9 str
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1122 嚇 KAKU, odosu/kasu threaten,
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1129 L1 喝 KATSU shout, scold 11 s
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1137 鎌 kama, REN sickle L1 18 str
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1144 L1 陥 KAN, ochiiru collaps
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connection with 1146, the early mea
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1157 寛 KAN, kutsurogu magnanimous
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1166 L1 NENKANyearbook KANSHŌa
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1173 L1 KICHŪin mourning KIN
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1181 L1 ikuNINhow many people KI
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1188 宜 GI, yoroshii proper, good
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prises (see 611), a determinative
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1203 L1 丘 KYŪ, oka hill, hill
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distinguish carefully from the sim
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1217 狂 KYŌ, kuruu lunatic, mad L
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1225 L1 脅 10 KYŌ, odo(ka)su, obi
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1233 斤 KIN weight, ax L1 4 stroke
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1241 吟 GIN recite, sing L1 7 stro
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1248 串 kushi, KAN pierce, skewer
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1255 薫 KUN, kaoru/ri aroma, fragr
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meaning, and ‘mountain stream’
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1268 L1 慶 KEI, yorokobu joy, rejo
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1274 鯨 GEI, kujira whale L1 19 st
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1282 L2 剣 KEN, tsurugi sword,
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1289 遣 KEN, tsukau, yaru send, us
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visible’ is presumably a loan usa
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1301 L1 虎 KO, tora tiger, drunkar
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1309 顧 KO, kaerimiru look back L1
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OBI , bronze ; seal . The bronze fo
Page 394 and 395:
sociated sense ‘hit, strike’, g
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determinatives (540 in total) there
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1336 L1 慌 KŌ, awateru/tadashii b
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1344 衡 KŌ, kubiki scales, yoke L
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1350 L1 豪 14 GŌSHŪAustralia
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ing the head of an insect, with leg
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1364 L1 懇 17 KON, nengoro na f
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1372 砕 SAI, kudaku/keru break, sm
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1379 L1 塞 13 SAI, SOKU, fusagu ob
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1387 索 SAKU rope, search L1 10 st
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1394 L1 撮 SATSU, toru, tsumamu pl
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1402 L2 伺 7 SHI, ukagau visit, se
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1410 嗣 SHI, tsugu heir, succeed t
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agree that one component is / 42
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(profile) for ‘bed’ with a stro
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1429 L1 赦 SHA forgiveness 11 stro
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Shirakawa, though, takes as claws o
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first appeared [as independent grap
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1447 L1 需 JU need, demand 14 stro
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1454 L1 羞 SHŪ, hajiru be ashamed
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1461 L1 充 JŪ, ateru, mitasu f
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for ‘uncle younger than one’s p
Page 438 and 439:
flecting the use in Shang times of
Page 440 and 441:
1480 L1 庶 11 SHO masses, vario
Page 442 and 443:
age; this complex form was ousted a
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1494 L1 宵 SHŌ, yoi evening 10 st
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1501 L1 掌 SHŌ, tanagokoro con
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1507 L1 奨 SHŌ urge, encourage 13
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part in ancient China, being seen a
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1520 L1 縄 JŌ, nawa rope, cord 15
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1526 拭 SHOKU, nuguu, fuku wipe, s
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1534 L1 芯 7 SHIN core, padding, w
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eading furu ‘shake’, as also th
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1546 L1 審 SHIN judge, investig
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overall meaning ‘enjoy union’,
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1559 L1 帥 SUI commander 9 strokes
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consisting in one view of 1739 ‘
Page 468 and 469:
appears to already provide the mean
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1578 L1 斉 SEI, hitoshii equal, si
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1586 L1 斥 SEKI, shirizokeru re
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1593 籍 SEKI meaning is ‘written
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1599 扇 SEN, ōgi, aogu fan L1 10
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1607 箋 SEN paper, letter L1 14 st
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1613 L1 禅 ZEN Zen, meditation 13
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1620 措 SO place, dispose L1 11 st
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1627 双 SŌ, futapair, both L2 4 s
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1634 L1 曹 SŌ, ZŌ official, c
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1639 L1 葬 SŌ, hōmuru bury 12 st
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comb’. Sense then generalized to
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1653 俗 ZOKU Bronze ; seal . Has 4
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1658 唾 DA, tsuba(ki) Seal ; late
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1665 L1 泰 TAI calm, serene, bi
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1671 L1 戴 TAI, (DAI), itadaku rec
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1678 L2 濯 TAKU wash, rinse 17 str
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ten with a pictograph showing two s
Page 504 and 505:
tograph of a young plant putting ou
Page 506 and 507:
elow); the associated sense of here
Page 508 and 509:
1705 L1 秩 CHITSU order 10 strokes
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1712 L1 鋳 CHŪ, iru cast, found,
Page 512 and 513:
mean ‘monetary change’. Note: w
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tower above; sign’) was added as
Page 516 and 517:
1730 珍 CHIN, mezurashii gives pro
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1736 L1 塚 tsuka, CHŌ mound, tumu
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port such an interpretation, though
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1748 訂 TEI correct, revise L1 9 s
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1756 摘 TEKI, tsumu/mamu pluck, ex
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iguous in writing through addition
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1768 L1 妬 TO, netamu/mi/mashii be
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1775 到 TŌ, itaru Bronze ; seal .
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phonetic, with associated sense ‘
Page 534 and 535:
1786 L1 搭 TŌ load, board 12 stro
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1792 謄 TŌ copy L1 17 strokes T
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1798 L1 瞳 DŌ, hitomi pupil (of e
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cave’, and as phonetic with asso
Page 542 and 543:
How, though, did the graph come to
Page 544 and 545:
as depicting one person leaning aga
Page 546 and 547:
1826 L1 寧 NEI, mushiro peace,
Page 548 and 549:
1833 婆 BA, baba Seal ( ) . The se
Page 550 and 551:
ing things, thus ‘grow, cultivate
Page 552 and 553:
1847 L1 剥 HAKU, hagu/gasu peel, s
Page 554 and 555:
form, which has firewood projecting
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1861 L1 氾 5 HAN flood, deluge, ov
Page 558 and 559:
1868 販 HAN sell, trade L2 11 stro
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1874 L1 繁 HAN, shigeru profuse
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1879 L2 彼 HI, kare, kano, ano
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1886 L1 罷 HI, makaru cease, leave
Page 566 and 567:
1892 L1 肘 hiji elbow 7 strokes
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1898 L1 描 BYŌ, egaku depict, dra
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and flattish’; overall meaning is
Page 572 and 573:
later represented by changing deter
Page 574 and 575:
at clerical script stage. Note: 尃
Page 576 and 577:
kami notes a different view that se
Page 578 and 579:
1929 L1 噴 FUN, fuku emit, spout,
Page 580 and 581:
taken as ‘avoid’, thus ‘hangi
Page 582 and 583:
1942 癖 HEKI, kuse habit, kink L1
Page 584 and 585:
out metal fitting’ (on a gate/doo
Page 586 and 587:
1956 泡 HŌ, awa Seal ; a late gra
Page 588 and 589: graph has the same structure but is
Page 590 and 591: (both interpretations are listed in
Page 592 and 593: added to indicate meaning of ‘sid
Page 594 and 595: 1985 L1 僕 BOKU, shimobe manser
Page 596 and 597: 1991 L1 奔 HON run, bustle 8 st
Page 598 and 599: 1997 磨 MA, migaku polish, scour,
Page 600 and 601: 2003 又 mata again L1 2 strokes
Page 602 and 603: strange’. An alternative analysis
Page 604 and 605: not done also). The original meanin
Page 606 and 607: 2022 盲 MŌ, mekura blind L1 8 str
Page 608 and 609: ut ‘fire’. This commentator (Gu
Page 610 and 611: 2034 L1 愉 YU joy, pleasure 12 str
Page 612 and 613: 2040 湧 YŪ, waku , for which ther
Page 614 and 615: 2046 L1 融 YŪ, tokeru dissolve, m
Page 616 and 617: ment in bronze stage equivalents of
Page 618 and 619: ing it a distinct possibility that
Page 620 and 621: 2063 拉 RA, RATSU, hishigu/ Seal ;
Page 622 and 623: 2069 L1 2070 L1 酪 13 RAKU d
Page 624 and 625: 2076 L1 履 RI, haku footwear, walk
Page 626 and 627: 2081 L1 竜 RYŪ, tatsu dragon 1
Page 628 and 629: suggesting orderly construction rat
Page 630 and 631: Mizukami). Sense modified (dependin
Page 632 and 633: 2098 L1 倫 RIN principles, ethi
Page 634 and 635: 2104 励 RUI, hagemu/masu later var
Page 636 and 637: 2109 隷 REI the seal script, came
Page 640 and 641: 2121 賂 RO, mainai Seal ; late gra
Page 642 and 643: phonetic with associated sense ‘s
Page 644: 2135 L2 湾 WAN bay, gulf 12 stroke
Page 647 and 648: Readings Index A A 1007 abareru 8
Page 649 and 650: BŌ 814 BŌ 985 BŌ 986 BŌ 987
Page 651 and 652: EI 449 EI 450 EI 644 EI 645 EI
Page 653 and 654: GO 1311 GO 1312 GO 1313 GO 1314
Page 655 and 656: HI 1878 HI 1879 HI 1880 HI 1881
Page 657 and 658: isago 879 isago 1366 isamashii 6
Page 659 and 660: KAI 1102 KAI 1103 KAI 1104 KAI
Page 661 and 662: KEN 20 KEN 100 KEN 290 KEN 291
Page 663 and 664: KŌ 1342 KŌ 1343 KŌ 1344 KŌ
Page 665 and 666: KYŪ 1203 KYŪ 1204 KYŪ 1205 KY
Page 667 and 668: mukuiru 810 mukuro 1113 muna- 85
Page 669 and 670: odokasu 1225 oeru 322 odoroku 12
Page 671 and 672: RYŪ 824 RYŪ 2080 RYŪ 2081 RY
Page 673 and 674: SEN 1608 SEN 1609 SEN 1610 SEN
Page 675 and 676: SHŌ 912 SHŌ 913 SHŌ 933 SHŌ
Page 677 and 678: SUI 1685 suji 854 suki 503 suki
Page 679 and 680: TO 1767 TO 1768 TO 1769 TO 1770
Page 681 and 682: UN 251 unagasu 1651 unaji 1339 u
Page 683 and 684: yudaneru 245 yue 694 YUI 827 YUI
Page 685 and 686: 1806 1821 1893 1967 2030 5 stro
Page 687 and 688: 1095 1142 1167 1172 1173 1199
Page 689 and 690:
361 366 370 377 391 392 398
Page 691 and 692:
1581 1588 1589 1599 1600 1619
Page 693 and 694:
385 397 400 424 428 429 431
Page 695 and 696:
1613 1624 1640 1654 1670 1672
Page 697 and 698:
1104 1105 1113 1121 1161 1162
Page 700 and 701:
APPENDIX & BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page 702 and 703:
In this book the general trend in i
Page 704 and 705:
KZ2001 Zhang Yushu et al., Kangxi z
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