480531170

644
L3
永
EI, nagai
long, lasting
5 strokes
EIENeternity
EIZOKUperpetuity
EIJŪpermanent residence
OBI forms , ; seal . The graph is a pictograph
showing tributaries connected to a
main river. Both left- and right-facing forms
occur, and in the ancient script in principle the
different orientation did not indicate difference
of meaning. By the seal script stage, however,
the left-facing form had evolved into the
predecessor of , and the right-facing version
645
L3
営
EI, itonamu
conduct, barracks
12 strokes
KEIEImanagement
EIGYŌbusiness
EISHObarracks
Seal ; traditional . Analyses differ in relatively
minor ways. One element is , in outward
form corresponding to a NJK graph meaning
‘spine’ (in which two individual vertebrae are
depicted, with the linking stroke first added
only at the seal stage), but regarded as having
a different sense here, i.e. ‘complex of linked
buildings (or possibly rooms), palace’. This
combines with the disputed upper element .
Katō takes as the old form of (‘firefly’;
modern 1263), here serving as phonetic with
associated sense ‘surround’, to give ‘complex of
buildings surrounded by fence/walls’. Yamada
and Ogawa agree with this interpretation. Mi-
646
L1
衛
EI
guard, protect
16 strokes
EISEIhygiene
SHUEIguard
JIEIself-defense
OBI ; bronze ; seal . Has 131 ‘crossroads;
go’, and as semantic and phonetic,
meaning ‘walk round and round’ (see 446),
to give ‘walk round and keep watch’. OBI and
bronze forms sometimes had both these ele-
into the predecessor of 965 ‘faction’. In other
words, what was one original graph with fluctuating
forms was subsequently refined in use so
as to represent two separate words which were
now distinguished in shape for greater clarity.
The extended sense ‘long’ (from river flowing
long) was used for ‘long time, eternal’ already
from the Western Zhou period (11th century
– 771 BC). MS1995:v2:728-9; QX2000:206;
KJ1970:77-8; YK1976:64; AS2007:577. For a
mnemonic we suggest association with 42
‘water’ and/or 401 ‘ice’, from which this graph
should be distinguished.
Mnemonic: WATER HAS LOOKED ICY FOR A
LONG TIME
zukami lists several alternative interpretations
of what represents here, but still with the
sense ‘surround’. ‘Barracks’ may be regarded as
an extended sense. ‘Perform, conduct’ is treated
as loan usage by Yamada; Schuessler notes ‘lay
out, plan, build’ as early meanings. KJ1970:82,
79-80; YK1976:66; OT1968:187; MS1995:v2:812-
3,v1:222; AS2007:576. As a mnemonic we
suggest taking the upper element as an
ornate roof (see also 11), and taking the
linked squares as rooms within a bigger building.
Alternatively, given the phonetic use of
in the term furo (bath) and consequent
associations, a mnemonic could be based on
the furo.
Mnemonic: CONDUCT BUSINESS IN
ORNATELY ROOFED BARRACK-ROOMS
Or: CONDUCT BUSINESS IN BATH IN
ORNATELY ROOFED BARRACKS
ments, but often consisted of just (originally,
footprints/walk/move around a specified area)
alone. The seal form has (originally, bend,
go round, unable to advance, by extension
‘surround, enclose’) added (to ). KJ1970:11;
YK1976:67; MS1995:v2:1162-3,v1434-5;
OT1968:899; MR2007:249. As a mnemonic we
suggest taking in association with what is
probably its most frequent occurrence, in
1024 ‘differ’.
Mnemonic: GO AROUND DIFFERENTLY IN
ORDER TO KEEP GUARD
210 The 185 Fifth Grade Characters