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2034 L1 愉 YU joy, pleasure 12 strokes YUKAI pleasure YUETSU joy YURAKU pleasure Bronze ; seal ; traditional form has as right-hand element. Consists of / 164 ‘heart, mind, feelings’, with (CO, ‘hollow out log as boat’; see 2033 Note) as phonetic with associated sense taken either as i] ‘clear’, giving ‘one’s heart/mind is clear’ (Katō), or ii] ‘pull out, remove’, giving ‘persistent negative feelings are removed’ (noted in Mizukami; Ogawa is in broad agreement). ‘Joy, pleasure’ appear to be extended senses. KJ1970:880-81; MS1995:v1:518-9; OT1968:383. We suggest taking as ‘meat’ 209, as ‘cut’ 198, and
2037 唯 YUI, I, tada OBI ; seal . Has 22 ‘mouth’, with solely, only, merely, L1 324 (‘bird’) as phonetic, in one view taken prompt with associated sense ‘prompt answer’, seen 11 strokes as ‘acknowledgment’ (Mizukami), or ‘agreement’ (Ogawa). Another view treats ‘bird’ YUIITSUsole, unique as both semantic and phonetic in function, tadaima now; “I’m home” giving ‘birds chirp agreement alike/together’ IIDAKUDAKU readily (Gu). Later borrowed for similarly pronounced word meaning ‘just, only’. ‘Prompt’ is now rare. MS1995:v1:236-7; OT1968:186; GY2008:1241. Mnemonic: SOLE BIRD HAS MOUTH, AND ONLY MERELY NEEDS PROMPTING 2038 L1 幽 9 YŪGENmystery YŪKYŌ lonely place YŪKAI nether world YŪ, kasuka dark, obscure, faint, wretched strokes OBI ; seal . Consists of 8 ‘fire’, (misinterpreted in Shuowen as 26 ‘mountain’) with 29 (‘very fine/barely visible threads’) taken either i] as semantic and phonetic, giving ‘light of fire is dim’ (Ogawa), or ii] as phonetic with associated sense ‘black and unclear, dim’, giving ‘burning fire produces smoke and blackened effect’ (Mizukami, Katō). By extension, this led on to a whole raft of meanings such as ‘dark, profound, dim, obscure, faint, wretched, lonely’. It can also have connotations of other-worldiness and mysteriousness. MS1995:v1:448-9; KJ1970:33; T1968:324. Though the element ‘mountain’ is a result of misinterpretation, it is useful as mnemonic. Mnemonic: FOLLOW FAINT THREADS THROUGH DARK AND WRETCHED MOUNTAINS 2039 L1 悠 11 YŪZENcalm YŪCHŌ leisure YŪKYŪ eternity YŪ composed, ample, distant, long time strokes Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Consists of 164 ‘feelings, heart, mind’, with (CO, ‘remove dirt/defilement’; see Note below’) as phonetic with associated sense taken in one view as ‘shake, jolt’, giving ‘one’s heart shakes, lament’ (Ogawa). This associated sense is noted by Mizukami along with another, viz. ‘continue in tenuous way’, giving ‘feelings continue in delicate and unhurried man- ner’. Note: is comprised of () 112 ‘hit, strike’, with left-hand element interpreted as either ‘remove dirt’, giving overall meaning ‘remove dirt’, or ‘water drips down’ (some bronze occurrences of have three short vertical strokes instead of one [] to the right of 41 (‘person’), lending support to interpretation as ‘water’), giving ‘cleanse body by letting water drip onto it’. Both interpretations are noted in Mizukami. OT1968:373; MS1995:v1:512-3,568-9; KJ1970:25-6. We suggest taking the upper part as 41 ‘person’, as long stick, and strike . Mnemonic: STRIKE PERSON WITH LONG STICK FOR A LONG TIME, BUT FEELINGS STILL COMPOSED 610 The Remaining 1130 Characters
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THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO Japanese Kanj
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Published by Tuttle Publishing, an
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The 80 First-Grade Characters......
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Acknowledgments Thanks are due to O
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writing brush, and then incised. Wr
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1.5 Cursive Script Forms While the
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5) ‘semantic-phonetic compounds
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alternative etymologies for the sam
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集韻 Jiyun (Collected Rhymes; J.
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text in reverse, then the blocks we
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eflects the reality that in this bo
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compound characters, in the form ),
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Limitations of This Book This book
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that the word kuruma ‘vehicle’
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Hiragana and Katakana and Their Sou
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Hiragana Katakana HO from HO from
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The 214 Determinatives (or ‘Radic
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No. English Alternative forms/nickn
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4. However, in a few cases vertical
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Editorial and Typographical Matters
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THE KANJI
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6 L4 音 ON, IN, oto, ne sound 9
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14 休 KYŪ, yasumu rest(ing) L5 6
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23 L5 校 KŌ school, check 10 stro
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33 L5 車 SHA, kuruma vehicle 7
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43 L4 GAKUSEI student ISSH
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51 L5 52 L4 先 SEN, saki prior,
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59 L5 中 4 CHŪ, naka middle, insi
Page 64 and 65:
68 年 NEN, toshi year L5 6 strokes
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76 L5 目 5 MOKU, me, ma eye, look,
Page 68 and 69:
85 遠 EN, tōi distant L4 13 strok
Page 70 and 71:
93 L5 会 KAI, E, au meet 6 stro
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101 L3 丸 3 GAN, maru, marui round
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110 L4 111 L4 京 KYŌ, KEI c
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118 L5 言 GEN, GON, koto, iu wo
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126 L3 公 KŌ, ōyake public, fair
Page 80 and 81:
134 合 GŌ, KATSU, au/waseru Alter
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142 L3 算 SAN reckon, count 14
Page 84 and 85:
150 L4 自 JI, SHI, mizukara sel
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158 春 SHUN, haru of ‘forest’.
Page 88 and 89:
166 L4 親 SHIN, oya, shitashii
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174 L3 雪 SETSU, yuki snow 11 stro
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182 L4 体 TAI, TEI, karada body 7
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190 L4 鳥 CHŌ, tori bird 11 st
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199 冬 TŌ, fuyu winter L4 5 strok
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207 L3 内 NAI, DAI, uchi inside
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215 L3 番 BAN number, guard, tu
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224 L5 北 HOKU, kita north, fle
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233 L4 234 L5 野 YA, no moor
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THE 200 THIRD GRADE CHARACTERS 241
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249 L4 院 IN institute 10 strok
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258 L3 HENKAchange KESHŌmake-u
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267 L3 岸 GAN, kishi bank, shor
Page 114 and 115:
276 L4 去 KYO, KO, saru go, leave,
Page 116 and 117:
285 L3 君 KUN, kimi lord, you, Mr
Page 118 and 119:
294 向 KŌ, muku/keru/kau/kō turn
Page 120 and 121:
303 L4 使 SHI, tsukau use, serv
Page 122 and 123:
311 L3 式 SHIKI ceremony, form 6 s
Page 124 and 125:
319 受 JU, ukeru receive L3 8 stro
Page 126 and 127:
327 L3 宿 SHUKU, yado(ru) lodge, s
Page 128 and 129:
335 L3 勝 SHŌ, katsu, masaru win,
Page 130 and 131:
343 L4 進 SHIN, susumu/meru advanc
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351 L3 息 10 SOKU, iki breath, res
Page 134 and 135:
359 第 DAI grade, order L3 11 stro
Page 136 and 137:
367 丁 CHŌ, TEI block , exact L1
Page 138 and 139:
375 転 TEN, korogeru/garu rotate,
Page 140 and 141:
383 等 TŌ, hitoshii, nado class,
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391 L3 畑 hata, hatake (dry-) f
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400 L3 筆 HITSU, fude writing brus
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408 L4 服 FUKU clothes, yield,
Page 148 and 149:
415 L4 味 MI, aji, ajiwau taste
Page 150 and 151:
423 有 YŪ, U, aru have, exist L4
Page 152 and 153:
430 L3 様 14 YŌ, sama situatio
Page 154 and 155:
437 L3 列 RETSU row, line 6 str
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texts for ‘use, employ, in order
Page 158 and 159:
451 L3 塩 EN, shio salt 13 strokes
Page 160 and 161:
458 L3 改 KAI, aratameru/maru refo
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with minor bureaucrat/official’.
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pleased’ is seen as an extended s
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479 L3 泣 KYŪ, naku weep, cry 8 s
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487 競 KYŌ, KEI, kisou, seru comp
Page 170 and 171:
494 L3 景 KEI, KE scene, view,
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solid’. KJ1970:392; YK1976:167; T
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509 L4 菜 SAI, na vegetable, ra
Page 176 and 177:
516 L3 察 SATSU judge, surmise,
Page 178 and 179:
522 L1 氏 SHI, uji clan, family, m
Page 180 and 181:
529 L3 530 L4 失 SHITSU, ush
Page 182 and 183:
537 L3 笑 SHŌ, warau, emu laugh,
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still acting as phonetic and still
Page 186 and 187:
551 L3 折 SETSU, ori, oru/reru ben
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558 L3 争 SŌ, arasou conflict, vi
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566 L3 帯 TAI , obi, obiru belt
Page 192 and 193:
574 L1 腸 CHŌ, harawata intest
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582 L3 努 DO, tsutomeru endeavor,
Page 196 and 197:
591 L3 敗 HAI, yaburu/reru defe
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599 L3 標 HYŌ , shirushi sign(pos
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found in the clerical script. Mizuk
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614 牧 BOKU, maki OBI ; seal . Has
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621 L3 約 9 YAKU promise, approx.,
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628 L3 良 RYŌ, yoi good 7 stro
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636 L3 歴 REKI history, path 14 st
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THE 185 FIFTH GRADE CHARACTERS 641
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647 L3 易 8 EKI, I, yasui, yasa
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654 L1 恩 ON favor, kindness 10 st
Page 216 and 217:
660 L1 賀 GA congratulations 12 st
Page 218 and 219:
667 L1 668 L3 幹 KAN, miki trun
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674 L1 義 GI righteousness 13 s
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682 L3 禁 KIN forbid, ban 13 st
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690 L3 検 KEN investigate 12 strok
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sense, i.e. ‘test by comparison
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(original Peking Palace woodblock e
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713 L3 罪 ZAI, tsumi crime, sin 13
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720 L3 師 SHI teacher, model, a
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726 L4 質 SHITSU, SHICHI, CHI q
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733 L3 準 JUN level, conform, quas
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741 L3 情 11 JŌ, SEI, nasake feel
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749 製 SEI Seal ; late graph (Shuo
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757 L1 銭 SEN, zeni sen, coin, mon
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764 L3 則 SOKU, nori, nottoru rule
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772 L3 団 DANgodumpling FUTONfu
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780 L1 統 TŌ, suberu supervise, l
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788 破 HA, yaburu/reru Seal ; late
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796 L1 俵 HYŌ, tawara sack, ba
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of two vessels (one upright and the
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810 L3 報 HŌ, mukuiru report,
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816 L3 夢 MU, yume dream 13 stroke
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824 L3 留 10 RYŪ, RU, tomaru/meru
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830 映 EI, utsuru/su, haeru reflec
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838 L3 割 KATSU, wari, waru div
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847 L1 貴 KI, tattoi/bu, tōtoi
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854 L1 筋 KINNIKUmuscle sujimi
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862 L3 権 15 KEN, GON right, au
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869 L1 后 6 KŌ, GO, kisaki empres
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877 L3 骨 KOTSU, hone bone, frame
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885 L1 蚕 SAN, kaiko silkworm 1
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893 L1 射 SHA, iru shoot 10 stroke
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900 L1 就 12 SHŪ, JU, tsuku take
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907 L3 処 SHO deal with, place
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914 L3 城 JŌ, shiro castle 9 stro
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922 L1 聖 SEISHObible SEIJIN sa
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930 L1 奏 9 SŌ, kanaderu play ins
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938 存 SON, ZON senses ‘not move
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946 値 CHI, atai, ne price, value
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953 L3 賃 CHIN wages, fee 13 st
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961 L3 乳 NYŪ, chichi, chi bre
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968 L1 肺 HAI lung(s) 9 strokes
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976 L1 奮 FUN, furuu be excited, s
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983 L1 宝 HŌ, takara treasure
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992 L1 模 MO, BO copy, model, m
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1000 L3 卵 RAN, tamago egg, roe
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THE REMAINING 1130 CHARACTERS 1007
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1015 依 I, E, yoru OBI ; seal . Ha
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1022 L1 椅 I chair 12 strokes IS
Page 314 and 315:
1030 L1 茨 9 ibara, SHI thatch, br
Page 316 and 317:
1038 唄 uta, BAI song L1 10 stroke
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item’ (Ogawa, Katō), or - origin
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noted in Mizukami as an extended me
Page 322 and 323:
1059 L1 1060 L2 汚 6 O, kegare/
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1068 岡 oka, KŌ hill, knoll L3 8
Page 326 and 327:
1075 穏 ON, odayaka peace, moderat
Page 328 and 329:
1083 暇 KA, hima, itoma leisure, f
Page 330 and 331:
1091 瓦 GA, kawara, GURAMU tile, g
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1099 L1 皆 KAI, min(n)a all, ev
Page 334 and 335:
1106 L1 劾 8 GAI investigate (a wr
Page 336 and 337:
1114 垣 kaki fence, hedge L1 9 str
Page 338 and 339:
1122 嚇 KAKU, odosu/kasu threaten,
Page 340 and 341:
1129 L1 喝 KATSU shout, scold 11 s
Page 342 and 343:
1137 鎌 kama, REN sickle L1 18 str
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1144 L1 陥 KAN, ochiiru collaps
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connection with 1146, the early mea
Page 348 and 349:
1157 寛 KAN, kutsurogu magnanimous
Page 350 and 351:
1166 L1 NENKANyearbook KANSHŌa
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1173 L1 KICHŪin mourning KIN
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1181 L1 ikuNINhow many people KI
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1188 宜 GI, yoroshii proper, good
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prises (see 611), a determinative
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1203 L1 丘 KYŪ, oka hill, hill
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distinguish carefully from the sim
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1217 狂 KYŌ, kuruu lunatic, mad L
Page 366 and 367:
1225 L1 脅 10 KYŌ, odo(ka)su, obi
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1233 斤 KIN weight, ax L1 4 stroke
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1241 吟 GIN recite, sing L1 7 stro
Page 372 and 373:
1248 串 kushi, KAN pierce, skewer
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1255 薫 KUN, kaoru/ri aroma, fragr
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meaning, and ‘mountain stream’
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1268 L1 慶 KEI, yorokobu joy, rejo
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1274 鯨 GEI, kujira whale L1 19 st
Page 382 and 383:
1282 L2 剣 KEN, tsurugi sword,
Page 384 and 385:
1289 遣 KEN, tsukau, yaru send, us
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visible’ is presumably a loan usa
Page 388 and 389:
1301 L1 虎 KO, tora tiger, drunkar
Page 390 and 391:
1309 顧 KO, kaerimiru look back L1
Page 392 and 393:
OBI , bronze ; seal . The bronze fo
Page 394 and 395:
sociated sense ‘hit, strike’, g
Page 396 and 397:
determinatives (540 in total) there
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1336 L1 慌 KŌ, awateru/tadashii b
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1344 衡 KŌ, kubiki scales, yoke L
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1350 L1 豪 14 GŌSHŪAustralia
Page 404 and 405:
ing the head of an insect, with leg
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1364 L1 懇 17 KON, nengoro na f
Page 408 and 409:
1372 砕 SAI, kudaku/keru break, sm
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1379 L1 塞 13 SAI, SOKU, fusagu ob
Page 412 and 413:
1387 索 SAKU rope, search L1 10 st
Page 414 and 415:
1394 L1 撮 SATSU, toru, tsumamu pl
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1402 L2 伺 7 SHI, ukagau visit, se
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1410 嗣 SHI, tsugu heir, succeed t
Page 420 and 421:
agree that one component is / 42
Page 422 and 423:
(profile) for ‘bed’ with a stro
Page 424 and 425:
1429 L1 赦 SHA forgiveness 11 stro
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Shirakawa, though, takes as claws o
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first appeared [as independent grap
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1447 L1 需 JU need, demand 14 stro
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1454 L1 羞 SHŪ, hajiru be ashamed
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1461 L1 充 JŪ, ateru, mitasu f
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for ‘uncle younger than one’s p
Page 438 and 439:
flecting the use in Shang times of
Page 440 and 441:
1480 L1 庶 11 SHO masses, vario
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age; this complex form was ousted a
Page 444 and 445:
1494 L1 宵 SHŌ, yoi evening 10 st
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1501 L1 掌 SHŌ, tanagokoro con
Page 448 and 449:
1507 L1 奨 SHŌ urge, encourage 13
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part in ancient China, being seen a
Page 452 and 453:
1520 L1 縄 JŌ, nawa rope, cord 15
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1526 拭 SHOKU, nuguu, fuku wipe, s
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1534 L1 芯 7 SHIN core, padding, w
Page 458 and 459:
eading furu ‘shake’, as also th
Page 460 and 461:
1546 L1 審 SHIN judge, investig
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overall meaning ‘enjoy union’,
Page 464 and 465:
1559 L1 帥 SUI commander 9 strokes
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consisting in one view of 1739 ‘
Page 468 and 469:
appears to already provide the mean
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1578 L1 斉 SEI, hitoshii equal, si
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1586 L1 斥 SEKI, shirizokeru re
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1593 籍 SEKI meaning is ‘written
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1599 扇 SEN, ōgi, aogu fan L1 10
Page 478 and 479:
1607 箋 SEN paper, letter L1 14 st
Page 480 and 481:
1613 L1 禅 ZEN Zen, meditation 13
Page 482 and 483:
1620 措 SO place, dispose L1 11 st
Page 484 and 485:
1627 双 SŌ, futapair, both L2 4 s
Page 486 and 487:
1634 L1 曹 SŌ, ZŌ official, c
Page 488 and 489:
1639 L1 葬 SŌ, hōmuru bury 12 st
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comb’. Sense then generalized to
Page 492 and 493:
1653 俗 ZOKU Bronze ; seal . Has 4
Page 494 and 495:
1658 唾 DA, tsuba(ki) Seal ; late
Page 496 and 497:
1665 L1 泰 TAI calm, serene, bi
Page 498 and 499:
1671 L1 戴 TAI, (DAI), itadaku rec
Page 500 and 501:
1678 L2 濯 TAKU wash, rinse 17 str
Page 502 and 503:
ten with a pictograph showing two s
Page 504 and 505:
tograph of a young plant putting ou
Page 506 and 507:
elow); the associated sense of here
Page 508 and 509:
1705 L1 秩 CHITSU order 10 strokes
Page 510 and 511:
1712 L1 鋳 CHŪ, iru cast, found,
Page 512 and 513:
mean ‘monetary change’. Note: w
Page 514 and 515:
tower above; sign’) was added as
Page 516 and 517:
1730 珍 CHIN, mezurashii gives pro
Page 518 and 519:
1736 L1 塚 tsuka, CHŌ mound, tumu
Page 520 and 521:
port such an interpretation, though
Page 522 and 523:
1748 訂 TEI correct, revise L1 9 s
Page 524 and 525:
1756 摘 TEKI, tsumu/mamu pluck, ex
Page 526 and 527:
iguous in writing through addition
Page 528 and 529:
1768 L1 妬 TO, netamu/mi/mashii be
Page 530 and 531:
1775 到 TŌ, itaru Bronze ; seal .
Page 532 and 533:
phonetic, with associated sense ‘
Page 534 and 535:
1786 L1 搭 TŌ load, board 12 stro
Page 536 and 537:
1792 謄 TŌ copy L1 17 strokes T
Page 538 and 539:
1798 L1 瞳 DŌ, hitomi pupil (of e
Page 540 and 541:
cave’, and as phonetic with asso
Page 542 and 543:
How, though, did the graph come to
Page 544 and 545:
as depicting one person leaning aga
Page 546 and 547:
1826 L1 寧 NEI, mushiro peace,
Page 548 and 549:
1833 婆 BA, baba Seal ( ) . The se
Page 550 and 551:
ing things, thus ‘grow, cultivate
Page 552 and 553:
1847 L1 剥 HAKU, hagu/gasu peel, s
Page 554 and 555:
form, which has firewood projecting
Page 556 and 557:
1861 L1 氾 5 HAN flood, deluge, ov
Page 558 and 559:
1868 販 HAN sell, trade L2 11 stro
Page 560 and 561: 1874 L1 繁 HAN, shigeru profuse
Page 562 and 563: 1879 L2 彼 HI, kare, kano, ano
Page 564 and 565: 1886 L1 罷 HI, makaru cease, leave
Page 566 and 567: 1892 L1 肘 hiji elbow 7 strokes
Page 568 and 569: 1898 L1 描 BYŌ, egaku depict, dra
Page 570 and 571: and flattish’; overall meaning is
Page 572 and 573: later represented by changing deter
Page 574 and 575: at clerical script stage. Note: 尃
Page 576 and 577: kami notes a different view that se
Page 578 and 579: 1929 L1 噴 FUN, fuku emit, spout,
Page 580 and 581: taken as ‘avoid’, thus ‘hangi
Page 582 and 583: 1942 癖 HEKI, kuse habit, kink L1
Page 584 and 585: out metal fitting’ (on a gate/doo
Page 586 and 587: 1956 泡 HŌ, awa Seal ; a late gra
Page 588 and 589: graph has the same structure but is
Page 590 and 591: (both interpretations are listed in
Page 592 and 593: added to indicate meaning of ‘sid
Page 594 and 595: 1985 L1 僕 BOKU, shimobe manser
Page 596 and 597: 1991 L1 奔 HON run, bustle 8 st
Page 598 and 599: 1997 磨 MA, migaku polish, scour,
Page 600 and 601: 2003 又 mata again L1 2 strokes
Page 602 and 603: strange’. An alternative analysis
Page 604 and 605: not done also). The original meanin
Page 606 and 607: 2022 盲 MŌ, mekura blind L1 8 str
Page 608 and 609: ut ‘fire’. This commentator (Gu
Page 612 and 613: 2040 湧 YŪ, waku , for which ther
Page 614 and 615: 2046 L1 融 YŪ, tokeru dissolve, m
Page 616 and 617: ment in bronze stage equivalents of
Page 618 and 619: ing it a distinct possibility that
Page 620 and 621: 2063 拉 RA, RATSU, hishigu/ Seal ;
Page 622 and 623: 2069 L1 2070 L1 酪 13 RAKU d
Page 624 and 625: 2076 L1 履 RI, haku footwear, walk
Page 626 and 627: 2081 L1 竜 RYŪ, tatsu dragon 1
Page 628 and 629: suggesting orderly construction rat
Page 630 and 631: Mizukami). Sense modified (dependin
Page 632 and 633: 2098 L1 倫 RIN principles, ethi
Page 634 and 635: 2104 励 RUI, hagemu/masu later var
Page 636 and 637: 2109 隷 REI the seal script, came
Page 638 and 639: 2114 L1 烈 RETSU fierce, intens
Page 640 and 641: 2121 賂 RO, mainai Seal ; late gra
Page 642 and 643: phonetic with associated sense ‘s
Page 644: 2135 L2 湾 WAN bay, gulf 12 stroke
Page 647 and 648: Readings Index A A 1007 abareru 8
Page 649 and 650: BŌ 814 BŌ 985 BŌ 986 BŌ 987
Page 651 and 652: EI 449 EI 450 EI 644 EI 645 EI
Page 653 and 654: GO 1311 GO 1312 GO 1313 GO 1314
Page 655 and 656: HI 1878 HI 1879 HI 1880 HI 1881
Page 657 and 658: isago 879 isago 1366 isamashii 6
Page 659 and 660: KAI 1102 KAI 1103 KAI 1104 KAI
Page 661 and 662:
KEN 20 KEN 100 KEN 290 KEN 291
Page 663 and 664:
KŌ 1342 KŌ 1343 KŌ 1344 KŌ
Page 665 and 666:
KYŪ 1203 KYŪ 1204 KYŪ 1205 KY
Page 667 and 668:
mukuiru 810 mukuro 1113 muna- 85
Page 669 and 670:
odokasu 1225 oeru 322 odoroku 12
Page 671 and 672:
RYŪ 824 RYŪ 2080 RYŪ 2081 RY
Page 673 and 674:
SEN 1608 SEN 1609 SEN 1610 SEN
Page 675 and 676:
SHŌ 912 SHŌ 913 SHŌ 933 SHŌ
Page 677 and 678:
SUI 1685 suji 854 suki 503 suki
Page 679 and 680:
TO 1767 TO 1768 TO 1769 TO 1770
Page 681 and 682:
UN 251 unagasu 1651 unaji 1339 u
Page 683 and 684:
yudaneru 245 yue 694 YUI 827 YUI
Page 685 and 686:
1806 1821 1893 1967 2030 5 stro
Page 687 and 688:
1095 1142 1167 1172 1173 1199
Page 689 and 690:
361 366 370 377 391 392 398
Page 691 and 692:
1581 1588 1589 1599 1600 1619
Page 693 and 694:
385 397 400 424 428 429 431
Page 695 and 696:
1613 1624 1640 1654 1670 1672
Page 697 and 698:
1104 1105 1113 1121 1161 1162
Page 700 and 701:
APPENDIX & BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page 702 and 703:
In this book the general trend in i
Page 704 and 705:
KZ2001 Zhang Yushu et al., Kangxi z
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