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126
L3
公
KŌ, ōyake
public, fair, lord
4 strokes
KŌKYŌpublic
KŌHEIfairness
KISHŪKŌLord Kishu
OBI , ; seal . Views vary. One takes
‘eight’ in its original sense ‘divide’, ‘open up’, and
lower element () as ‘enclose, surround’. Overall
meaning is then taken as either ‘open up a
physical area’ (Shirakawa takes as walled area
for ceremonies at Court), or ‘open up something
enclosed /kept by individuals)’, giving ‘open
up’, and by extension ‘public; fair (distribution)’
(Mizukami, Shirakawa, Yamada, Katō). A minority
view takes the lower element in OBI as a receptacle,
treating the whole graph as originally
meaning ‘(lidded) jar’, and takes other meanings
as loan uses (Ma). At seal stage, the lower
element was changed to ; Katō says changed
in error, but was originally (OBI) a closed
circle shape (‘enclose and make one’s own’;
later 887 ‘I, me’). MS1995:v1:100-02,188-90;
SS1984:285-6; YK1976:173; KJ1970:396-7;
MR2007:228. We suggest taking as a nose,
and 70 in its modern meaning ‘eight’.
Mnemonic: EIGHT LORDS SHOW NOSE IN
PUBLIC
127
L3
広
KŌ, hiroi/geru/garu
wide, spacious
5 strokes
KŌDAIvast
Hiroshimaplace-name
KŌKOKUadvertisement
Bronze ; traditional . One of various graphs
of the most numerous category, the semanticphonetic
compound type (see Introduction).
Based on OBI and bronze forms, Qiu assesses
early equivalents of the determinative as
‘a kind of structure’, and as one simpler than
that represented by the ‘roof’ determinative
30. Tōdō takes the phonetic component
as having an associated sense ‘spread out’;
Shirakawa and Katō are in general agreement.
MR2007:408; QX2000:180; TA1965:414-5;
SS1984:287; KJ1970:324. We suggest taking the
modern form’s as a nose.
Mnemonic: SPACIOUS BUILDING TO NOSE
AROUND IN
128
L3
交
KŌ, majiru, kawasu
mix, exchange
6 strokes
KŌTSŪtraffic
GAIKŌdiplomacy
KŌKANexchange
The OBI and bronze forms show a person with
legs crossed ; leading to extended meanings
such as ‘exchange’. MR2007:429; SS1984:288;
KJ1970:173; OT1968:37. We suggest taking the
modern form as 80 ‘six’ over a cross.
Mnemonic: MIX SIX CROSSES – FAIR
EXCHANGE
129
光
KŌ, hikari, hikaru
light, shine
L4
6 strokes
NIKKŌsunlight
KŌNENlight year
KŌGAKUoptics
OBI ; bronze ; and seal forms show
flames over a kneeling person’s head;
interpreted as conveying the meaning ‘light’
(as opposed to darkness). At the seal stage, the
lower element was changed to ‘person’ (see
41). MR2007:425; SS1984:289; KJ1970:325-6.
Take modern form as ‘person’ and as ‘odd’
flames 8.
Mnemonic: LIGHT SHINES FROM ODD
FLAMES OVER PERSON’S FLAT HEAD
The 160 Second Grade Characters 77