480531170

1778
凍
TŌ, kōru, kogoeru Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Has 401
freeze
L2
‘ice’, with 201 (‘east’) as phonetic with associated
sense taken as i] ‘pile up, accumulate’,
10 strokes
thus ‘become covered with thick ice’ (Ogawa),
TŌKETSUfreezing
or ii] ‘penetrate, pass through’, giving ‘(thick)
REITŌZAIrefrigerant
ice forms everywhere’ (Tōdō), or iii] ‘form
kōritsukufreeze to
together’, giving ‘ice solidifies/forms’ (Katō).
TA1965:286-9; OT1968:104; KJ1970:732.
Mnemonic: ICE FORMS IN THE FREEZING EAST
1779
唐
TŌ, Kara
subsequently, the original meaning of was
(Tang) China, foreign forgotten, and the graph came to be used to
L1
10 strokes
denote the name of the capital of the mythical
Emperor Yao, then later borrowed for ‘big’.
TŌJINChinese, foreign
The difficulty with Ogawa’s interpretation is
karatekarate
that in OBI and bronze occurrences of , the
karautaChinese poem
bottom element corresponds to the typical
shape for ‘mouth; speak’, not that for
84 ‘enclosure; place’. In relation to any of the
above treatments, use of in the sense ‘Tang
(China)’ represents a loan usage, as also does
‘foreign’. Note: OBI forms of appear to show
a pounder set within a stabilizing frame; at the
bronze stage, occasionally a depiction of two
hands (left and right) is added lower down,
an element which was made more prominent
at the seal stage at the same time as the
pounder element was simplified in shape. The
beginnings of the change in shape towards
are just discernible in the clerical script.
MS1995:v1:230-32,450-52,204-05,250-51;
KJ1970:666; OT1968:183; TA1965:345-8;
OBI ; seal . Has lower element interpreted
in one view as 22 ‘mouth’; speak’,
combined with ‘7th of the 10 Heavenly
Stems’ (originally, pictograph of pounder for
grains; see Note below), the latter element
then being taken as phonetic with associated
sense ‘big, big talk’, giving ‘boast, talk
absurdities’(Mizukami, Katō). In another analysis
(Tōdō), is taken semantically as ‘make
hard and firm’; this gives a provisional meaning
‘speak by opening mouth wide’ and hence
‘talk exaggeratedly’, i.e. essentially the same
meaning as the two commentators above. Yet
another treatment (Ogawa) is quite different:
it takes in the same way as Tōdō, but
considers firstly that the bottom element is
(normally ‘enclosure’), here indicating ‘place’,
giving an original meaning ‘embankment,
dyke’ (later written as ); secondly, that
SK1984:270-71. Take as hand holding stick,
127 ‘building’, and as ‘entrance’.
Mnemonic: FOREIGN HAND HOLDS STICK AT
ENTRANCE TO CHINESE BUILDING
1780
桃
TŌ, momo
peach
L1
10 strokes
HAKUTŌwhite peach
momoiropeachy pink
TŌGENKYŌShangri-La
Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 73
‘tree, wood’, with 573 (‘sign, omen’,
initially pictograph of cracks formed on
turtle shell or similar in divination), the latter
element taken in one view as semantic and
phonetic, giving ‘tree with fruit stones which
split in two’, i.e. ‘peach’ (Ogawa, Tōdō). Alternatively,
is treated here by Katō just as
530 The Remaining 1130 Characters