RATL: A Database of Reptile and Amphibian Toxicology Literature

Table 2 - Field Studies - 14
Contaminant a Species
Code b
Lifestage Exposure
Route f
Study
Endpoint g
Pesticide
Appl. Rate
Location, Area, State,
Country c
Study
Date
Effects de
Reference k
diquat, nabam RACL adult; 2nd PESTAPP GENOTOX PQ, CAN 1993 There was no difference between Lowcock et al. 1997
and 3rd year
potato crop treated fields and
control group in terms of genotoxic
effects (chromosomal
fragmentation and abnormal DNA
profiles).
diquat, nabam RACL juvenile PESTAPP GENOTOX PQ, CAN 1993 There was no difference between
potato crop treated fields and
control group in terms of genotoxic
effects (chromosomal
fragmentation and abnormal DNA
profiles). Juveniles showed physical
deformities and illnesses.
Lowcock et al. 1997
endosulfan BUBO juvenile PESTAPP MORT 1.12 kg/ha residential area, unknown < 1962 98 % control of juvenile toads in 24
Mulla 1962
h.
k
endosulfan CHXE adult (caged PESTAPP
? not given)
MORT 14 g a.i/ha savanna woodland,
Zimbabwe
< 1979 No deaths after 19 d post
treatment.
Cockbill 1979 k
endosulfan RACA tadpole PESTAPP MORT 0.11 kg/ha pond < 1962 Complete die off of tadpoles.
Mulla 1962 k
endosulfan RACA tadpole PESTAPP MORT 0.11, 0.56
kg/ha
pond, CA, USA 1962 60 % mortality at 0.11 kg/ha; 100
% mortality at 0.56 kg/ha.
Mulla 1963 k
endosulfan RACA tadpole PESTAPP MORT 0.11, 0.56
kg/ha
pond, CA, USA 1962 100 % mortality 0.56 kg/ha after 1
d; 10 % mortality at 0.11 kg/ha
after 1 d.
Mulla 1963 k
endosulfan RACL adult and PESTAPP MORT Hamilton, Brantford , 1993-95 Hatching success/survival rates at Harris et al. 1998
young of
Guelph, ON, CAN
site 1 were 95 and 20-95% in 1993
the year
and 1994 respectively and ref site 1
were 97-100 and 87-97%.
endosulfan RAPI adult and PESTAPP MORT Hamilton, Brantford , 1993-95 Endosulfan was non-detectable at all Harris et al. 1998
young of
Guelph, ON, CAN
of the orchard sites; hatching
the year
success ranged from 5-100%;
survival ranged from 0-95%.
endosulfan SCHA juvenile PESTAPP MORT 1.12 kg/ha residential area, unknown < 1962 98 % control of toads in 24 h.
Mulla 1962 k
endosulfan XXSN adult PESTAPP MORT 800-1000
g/ha
Guinea savanna zone,
Lame Burra, Dan Bagudu,
Rafin Dinya, Nigeria
1974 11 snake species were found dead or
dying after spraying.
endrin RACA tadpole PESTAPP MORT 0.11 - 0.56
kg/ha
field tests, CA, USA < 1962 Complete kill of tadpoles.
endrin RACA tadpole PESTAPP MORT 0.11 - 0.56 pond (0.025 ha), CA, USA 1962 90 % mortality after 5 d at 0.11
kg/ha
kg/ha; 100 % mortality after 1 d.
endrin RAES tadpole PESTAPP MORT 0.047 mg/L artificially evacuated pool, < 1979 Caged tadpoles alive only at most
(without
devel.
limbs)
unknown
distant test stations after 72 h.
Koeman et al. 1978
Mulla 1962 k
k
Mulla 1963
Wohlgemuth and Trnkova
1979 k