RATL: A Database of Reptile and Amphibian Toxicology Literature

Contaminant a Species
Code b
Lifestage Exposure
Route f
Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 55
Study
Endpoint g Temp h pH Contaminant
Concentration
e
Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e
Reference k
permethrin RACL tadpoles IMMER MORT 15, 21 0.01-2.0 ppm Conc. < 2.0 ppm were not lethal to early stages of RACL,
however sublethal effects were noted. 10 - 100 ppb for 22 h
did not cause morphological abnormalities but resulted in
embryo twisting.
Wilson 1989
permethrin RACL tadpoles IMMER DEVOBS 15 0.1-2.0 mg/L Delayed growth; behavioural abnormalities; no mortality. Berrill et al. 1993
permethrin RACL tadpoles IMMER DEVOBS 15 0.01- 0.1 mg/L Metamorphosis success decreased with conc.; mortality
occurred 1 to 2 d after exposure.
Berrill et al. 1993
permethrin RACL tadpoles IMMER MORT 20-15 0.01- 0.1 mg/L Occasional mortality; recovery occurred with time. Berrill et al. 1993
permethrin RACY tadpoles IMMER PHYSIO 28±2 0.25 mg/L Evidence of molecular disruptions due to the neurotoxic
effects of permethrin which may cause neuronal inefficiency
and alterations in the functional dynamics of the developing
brain.
permethrin RAPI adult DERMAL RESIDUE 1 Half time rate of dermal penetration was 420 min.
Yasmeen and Nayeemunnisa
1992
Shah et al. 1983 k
permethrin RAPI embryo IMMER HATSUC 15 0.01- 0.1 mg/L 96-98% hatching success; no increase in gross abnormality
rate.
Berrill et al. 1993
permethrin RAPI tadpoles IMMER DEVOBS 15 0.01- 0.1 mg/L Higher mortality at 0.05 and 0.1 mg/L than 0.01 mg/L. Berrill et al. 1993
permethrin RAPI tadpoles IMMER MORT 15, 20 0.01- 0.1 mg/L Occasional mortality; recovery occurred with time. Berrill et al. 1993
permethrin RASY embryo IMMER HATSUC 15 0.01- 0.1 mg/L 95-99% hatching success; no increase in gross abnormality
rate.
Berrill et al. 1993
permethrin XELA adult TISPREP PHYSIO 15 10-40 µM All three compounds tested modify sodium channel gating of
myelinated nerve fibres and reduced selectively the rate of
closing of the activation gate.
Vijverberg et al. 1982a
permethrin XELA adult TISPREP PHYSIO 8-22 5 x10 -6 -10 -5 M Lateral line organ: 5 x10 -6 M in vitro for 3 h or 10 -5 in vitro
for 5 h induced short trains of nerve impulses. Peripheral
nerves: 5 x10 -6 M caused repetitive activity within first 2 h of
exposure.
Vijverberg et al. 1982b k
permethrin XELA adult TISPREP PHYSIO 20-24 10 -7 - 10 -5
Pronounced repetitive activity in sensory fibres; similar van den Bercken and
results in cutaneous touch receptors and lateral line organ. Vijverberg 1979
permethrin XELA adult TISPREP PHYSIO 18 7.3 3 x10 -5
R-cis showed 1-4 end plate potentials and no repetitive Ruigt and Van den Bercken
activity with respect to action potentials, R-trans showed
some repetitive activity while S-cis and trans were
completely inactive.
1986
petroleum HYCI embryo- IMMER DEVOBS No sig. dif. was indicated in the number of metamorphs Mahaney 1994
metamorp
among treatments due to high variability in the groups. No
hosis
tadpoles metamorphosed from the 100 mg/L treatment
group. Weights were generally lower at 100 mg/L.
petroleum HYCI embryo- IMMER MORT 20-25 The number of hatched larvae at each treatment level varied Mahaney 1994
metamorp
without pattern; used crankcase oil did not sig. affect
hosis
hatching success (all replicates were >75% hatching success).
phenanthrene RAPI adult TISPREP PHYSIO 100 mg/L No statistically sig. effect on ISC albeit an increase in ISC was Blankemeyer and Bowerman
suggested.
1993