RATL: A Database of Reptile and Amphibian Toxicology Literature

Contaminant a Species
Code b
Lifestage Exposure
Route f
Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 52
Study
Endpoint g Temp h pH Contaminant
Concentration
e
Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e
Reference k
Pb RACA tadpoles IMMER RESIDUE 775 (58.5) µg/kg= whole body mean conc. (standard
deviation).
Burger and Snodgrass 1998
Pb RACA tadpoles IMMER BEHAV 23±1 7.21 Increased latencies; fewer avoidances. Strickler-Shaw and Taylor
1991
Pb RACA tadpoles IMMER BEHAV 23±1 0-1.0 mg/L No sig. behaviour abnormalities were noted due to Pb
exposure except for greater variability in activity at 0.5 - 1.0
mg/L.
Steele et al. 1989
Pb RACL tadpoles IMMER BEHAV 23±1 0-1.0 mg/L Preference or avoidance behaviour and amount of locomotor
activity did not change; variability in locomotor activity
occurred at 0.75 and 1.0 mg/L; 0% mortality.
Taylor et al. 1990
Pb RACL tadpoles IMMER BEHAV 23±1 7.2 0.75 mg/L Results indicate that sublethal exposure to lead adversely Strickler-Shaw and Taylor
affected both acquisition learning and memory.
1990
Pb RALU tadpoles IMMER MORT 1,5,20,50,100 Heavy metals reduced survival and growth and fright response Lefcort et al. 1998
of tadpoles.
Pb RANI egg IMMER DEVOBS 70 Partial reduction of primordial germ cells at the 9-12 mm
body length stage.
Hah 1978 k
Pb RANI tadpoles IMMER DEVOBS 70 Lethal to tadpoles.
Hah 1978 k
Pb RAPI embryo IMMER MORT 10 -4 , 10 -6 M Embryos exposed to 10 -4 exhibited cell deterioration and
sloughing, deformation, fragmentation and death. Embryos
exposed to 10 -6 M Pb showed slight distortions in early stages
of development.
Scott et al. 1979
Pb RAPI larvae IMMER DEVOBS 21 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, Delayed metamorphosis occurred related to Pb conc., Yeung 1978
(stages 10-
1.5
however, no morphological changes were observed. The size
20)
of the thyroid gland and follicle were reduced for higher Pb
conc.
Pb RAPI tadpoles SUBDER PHYSIO Mechanism by which lead stunts neuronal growth is Cline and Witte 1994
M
independent of NMDA receptor activity or retinotectal
synaptic transmission.
Pb RAPI tadpoles IMMER MORT 10 -4 , 10 -6 M Wound healing following tail amputation and regeneration
were severely inhibited in 10 -4 M Pb but less so in 10 -6 M.
Scott et al. 1979
Pb TOSC adult (F) ENVIRON RESIDUE Captive population exhibited high blood lead levels.= 147 -
178 µg/dL.
Cook et al. 1989
Pb XELA adult ORAL GENOTOX 0.78-12.89
µg/d
Bone= 5.0 - 23.97; skin= 0.81 - 2.98; muscle= 1.01 - 5.9;
kidney= 3.40 - 15.07; liver= 1.13 - 7.8 ppm ww.
Ireland 1977 k
Pb XELA adult IMMER RESIDUE 50 Residues (ppm dw) in frogs pretreated for 2 mos on dark or
light background: dark= 187; light= 114.
Ireland et al. 1979 k
Pb XELA embryo IMMER DEVOBS 18 0.001-10 10 ppm Pb 100 % mortality; low Mg and exposure to Pb
resulted in severe deformities. Increased survival with lower
Pb levels.
Miller and Landesman 1978 k
Pb acetate LAAG adult ORAL PHYSIO 4 µm/g body wt Inhibition of neurosecretory processes and degeneration of
cell nuclei.
Biczycki 1992c