RATL: A Database of Reptile and Amphibian Toxicology Literature

Contaminant a Species
Code b
Lifestage Exposure
Route f
Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 39
Study
Endpoint g Temp h pH Contaminant
Concentration
e
Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e
Reference k
leptophos PSCR tadpoles IMMER PHYSIO No symptoms observed. Fulton and Chambers 1983
leptophos RAPI adult TISPREP PHYSIO 22 2.5 x10 -4 M No effect on muscle contraction evoked by indirect or direct
stimulation at up to 25 x 10 -4 M.
Takeno et al. 1977 k
leptophosoxon HYCH embryo DERMAL DEVOBS 0-7.5 100 % mortality in 7.5 ppm; 0% abnormal embryos after
dermal exposure for 24 h.
Fulton and Chambers 1985 k
Leunarex RAES tadpoles IMMER MORT 18-22 0.001- 0.01% Two sizes of tadpoles exposed to solution. Both 24 and 31
mm tadpole groups recorded 100% mortality in 0.01%.
Gunther and Plotner 1986
Leunarex RATE tadpoles IMMER MORT 18-22 0.001- 0.01% Enhanced swimming activity immediately after placement in
solution with increasing lethargy and death at high conc. 0%
mortality at 0.001%, mortality at 0.003 - 0.006%.
Gunther and Plotner 1986
Li BUAR embryo IMMER DEVOBS 18-20 Lithium chloride produces anomalies only in certain stages of
embryonic development. Most sensitive stages are between 8
and 112 blastomeres.
Bustuoabad et al. 1977
Li RAPI egg IMMER DEVOBS Severity of effects increased with increased duration of
exposure, conc., or temp.
Hall 1942 k
Li RARI embryo IMMER DEVOBS Plasma membrane protein composition is altered due to
lithium action, lithium may interfere in the process of mRNA
translation.
Lazou and Beis 1993
Li XELA embryo INJECT DEVOBS Results suggest role for altered polyphosphoinositide cycle
activity in lithium-induced teratogenesis.
Busa and Gimlich 1989
Li XXXA egg IMMER DEVOBS 19 7.73 0.04-1.56
mg/L
No effects on eggs. Pasteels 1945
Li XXXA egg IMMER DEVOBS Severity of effects increased with increased duration of
exposure, conc., or temp.
Hall 1942 k
lithium carbonate XELA embryo- IMMER DEVOBS Lowest effect conc.= 10 mg/L. Developmental toxicity Sakamoto et al. ?
larvae
occurred in a dose-dependent manner.
lithium chloride RAFU egg IMMER DEVOBS LiCl In French. Pasteels 1942
lithium chloride TRCR adult DERMAL PHYSIO 18-20 Anomalies of gastrular movements and late morphogenesis
by LiCl treatment during the marginal zone formation.
Zaffaroni et al. 1979
lithium chloride XELA egg IMMER DEVOBS 20 0.117- 0.165 Exposed larvae (gastrula stage) exhibited deficiencies in the Backstrom 1953
M
head (microencephalia) and notocord (phase specific breaks).
lithium chloride XELA embryo- IMMER DEVOBS Lowest effect conc.= 10 mg/L. Developmental toxicity Sakamoto et al. ?
larvae
occurred in a dose-dependent manner.
malathion BUAR embryo IMMER DEVOBS 0.47-47.3
mg/L
47.3 mg/L= 100 % mortality within 5 d. 0.47 mg/L allowed
larval development and metamorphosis. Increase exposed
time resulted in inhibition of AChE.
de Llamas et al. 1985 k
malathion BUAR embryo IMMER PHYSIO 0-70 mg/L At 44 mg/L mortality increased sig; morphological
abnormalities increased with conc.
Rosenbaum et al. 1988
malathion BUAR larvae IMMER PHYSIO 0.0047-47.3
mg/L
No detectable effects.
de Llamas et al. 1985 k
malathion EUOS adult INHAL MORT 3% 48 h lethal time. Kihara and Yamashita 1978