RATL: A Database of Reptile and Amphibian Toxicology Literature

Contaminant a Species
Code b
Lifestage Exposure
Route f
Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 65
Study
Endpoint g Temp h pH Contaminant
Concentration
e
Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e
Reference k
thiabendazole PYRE adult ORAL PATH 110 body wt Thiabenzadole is a treatment for internal parasites; this
species died from nematode before treatment could be
administered.
Holt et al. 1979
thiosemicarbazide RASY tadpoles IMMER DEVOBS 18-28 10-75 mg/L Curved digits, abnormal limb articulation, difficulty
swimming, no effects at 10. Otherwise dose response effects,
increased tibia/femur ossification at higher conc., higher
conc. resulted in increased developmental speed.
Riley and Weil 1986
thiosemicarbazide XELA metamorp IMMER
hosis
MORT 23-25 7.2 0-75 mg/L Physical abnormalities and inhibition of metamorphosis. Newman and Dumont 1983
thorium XXFR embryo IMMER DEVOBS N/100000 (see
paper for
details)
Development to tadpole stage in N/100000 was 50 %.
Dilling and Healey 1926 k
thyroxine ASTR tadpoles IMMER DEVOBS 5-20 7-1000 ppb 100% mortality at 1000 ppb (18-20C), 60% mortality at
500ppm (18-20°C). Morphological changes included limbs,
operculum, oral disc, anal fold and tooth rows.
Brown 1990
TME RACY adult IMMER MORT 25 % mortality after 96 h; 50 % after 144 h.
Shrinivas et al. 1984 k
TMT TRCR adult (M) IMMER BEHAV 3 and 12 Behavioural changes and neuropathological damage and CNS
damage occurred at highest doses (12 mg/kg).
Gozzo et al. 1992
toluene RAPI adult IMMER PHYSIO 585-2000 Structural alterations in olfactory mucous following exposure;
Ekblom et al. 1984
increased secretion from sustentacular cells; reduction in
summed receptor potential in frogs exposed to 2000 ppm for
1 h; no reduction in those exposure to 585 ppm.
k
toluene RATE adult IMMER PHYSIO 585-2000 Structural alternations in olfactory mucosa following
exposure.
Ekblom et al. 1984 k
toluene TRCR adult INHAL PHYSIO 5, 10 Results not extracted from paper.
Garavini and Seren 1979 k
toluene diisocyanate RAPI adult TISPREP PHYSIO Inhibits isoproterenol and fluoride ion stimulated adenylate
cyclase activity in a dose dependent manner.
McKay and Brooks 1983 k
toluene diisocyanate XXFR adult TISPREP PHYSIO Findings suggest that the mechanism of TDI asthma is not
due to an abnormality of the beta-adrenergic system.
McKay and Brooks 1981
TOTP RAPI adult INJECT PHYSIO 125 with 5
ml/kg
(malathion)
toxaphene/
camphechlor
toxaphene/
camphechlor
toxaphene/
camphechlor
toxaphene/
camphechlor
ChE activity (µL CO 2 /50mg/10 min): 112±6 (corn oil
controls ), 100±4 (treated). TOTP treatment alone did not
sig. affect cholinesterase activity, but it potentiated the
anticholinesterase action of malathion by 100-fold in frogs.
Cohen and Murphy 1970
ALMI adult TISPREP DEVOBS No interaction with estrogen receptors. Vonier et al. 1996
ALMI adult (F) TISPREP PHYSIO Estrogen receptors from alligator oviductal tissue tested with
various environmental chemicals and with 17ß-estradiol.
Arnold et al. 1997
ALMI adult (F) TISPREP PHYSIO Toxaphene had high binding affinity to estrogen sites. Crain et al. 1998a
RACA tadpoles IMMER PHYSIO 4 0.1 µg/g Antibodies usually produced in response to heat shock were
produced from stress of contaminants.
Dunlap and Matsumura 1997