RATL: A Database of Reptile and Amphibian Toxicology Literature

Contaminant a Species
Code b
Lifestage Exposure
Route f
Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 31
Study
Endpoint g Temp h pH Contaminant
Concentration
e
Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e
Reference k
endosulfan ALMI adult TISPREP DEVOBS >50 IC50=>50, inhibitor conc. necessary for 50% inhibition of
17ß-estradiol binding to estrogen receptor.
Vonier et al. 1996
endosulfan XELA adult (M) IMMER PHYSIO 1 Endosulfan proved toxic at this conc. Palmer et al. 1998
endrin BUBJ tadpoles IMMER BEHAV 20 24 h EC50: aberrant behaviour= 0.0013.
Hall and Swineford 1981 k
endrin PICA adult ORAL MORT fed avg. of 5 snakes died, 2 regurgitated and 5 showed no observable Brock 1965
1.64 Mg effects.
endrin RACA adult ORAL MORT 2 Frogs force-fed mosquitofish which had been exposed to 2
ppm endrin solution for 7 d: 100 % mortality.
Rosto and Ferguson 1968 k
endrin RACY adult IMMER PHYSIO 1-10 Liver and intestine demonstrated microscopic cellular
changes: nuclear degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolation and
cell necrosis.
Mathur and Rane 1979
endrin RAPI adult IMMER BEHAV 25 5.78-5.86 0.015- 0.03 5 % mortality in 0.03 ppm; no mortality at 0.2 or 0.015
ppm.
Kaplan and Overpeck 1964 k
endrin RAPI adult TISPREP PHYSIO 2 x10 -4 M No sig. effect on the short circuit current or resistance in
abdominal skin.
Webb et al. 1979 k
epichlorohydrin PLWA larvae IMMER GENOTOX 1-2 Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes= 23/1000. Fernandez et al. 1989
epinephrine XELA adult IMMER MORT 0-600 mg/L Adult vs. development toxicity ratios varied for chemical and Daston et al. 1991
between other animal species tested. A/D ratio=>5.
epinephrine XELA embryo IMMER MORT 0-500 mg/L Defects were noted in embryos exposed for four days postfertilization.
Daston et al. 1991
esfenvalerate RASP tadpoles IMMER BEHAV 20 6.6-9.2 0.8- 10 µg/L Activity level decreased at or < 3.6 µg/L; dose dependent
increase in mortality; decreases in body sizes noted.
Materna et al. 1995
estradiol ALMI adult TISPREP DEVOBS 0.0078 IC50=0.0078, inhibitor conc. necessary for 50% inhibition of Vonier et al. 1996
17ß-estradiol binding to estrogen receptor.
estradiol ALMI adult (F) TISPREP PHYSIO 25 These data suggest the presence of estrogen and progesterone
receptors in oviducts of alligators.
Vonier et al. 1997
estradiol ALMI egg IMMER PHYSIO 0.014-14 Caused sex reversal from male to female. Crain et al. 1997
estradiol TRSC adult (M) INJECT PHYSIO 21 Estradiol and DES treatments induced the most vitellogenin;
DDT treatments induced smaller amounts of vitellogenin in a
dose-dependent fashion.
Palmer and Palmer 1995
estradiol XELA adult TISPREP DEVOBS Ovaries contain and secrete testosterone and estradiol, which
are stimulated by a gonadotropin preparation promoting
ovulation and meiotic maturation.
Fortune et al. 1977
estradiol XELA adult (M) INJECT PHYSIO 21 A protein identified as vitellogenin was extractable from the
plasma of treated frogs but it was not extractable from the
plasma of control specimens.
Palmer and Palmer 1995
ethanol RATE adult IMMER PHYSIO 1000 pm Enhanced enzymatic activity of asparate aminotransferase
and alanine aminotransferase.
Paulov 1987b k
ethanol RATE tadpole (8
d)
IMMER DEVOBS 0-1000 100% mortality in 10 min. at 1000 ppm; no effect at