RATL: A Database of Reptile and Amphibian Toxicology Literature

Table 4: Laboratory studies not including acute toxicity data
Contaminant a Species
Code b
Lifestage Exposure
Route f
Study
Endpoint g Temp h pH Contaminant
Concentration
e
Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e
Reference k
1,1dimethylhydrazine
XELA embryo IMMER DEVOBS 0- > 5 mg/L > 5 mg/L teratogenic. Failure to elongate, tail kinks most
common abnormalities observed.
Greenhouse 1976a k
1,1dimethylhydrazine
XELA embryo IMMER DEVOBS 1-20 mg/L 10 % malformation at 1 mg/L. 100 % malformation at 20
mg/L. Susceptible during neurulation.
Greenhouse 1976b k
1,1dimethylhydrazine
XELA larvae IMMER DEVOBS 0.1-1.0 mg/L < 1 mg/L had no effect on survival or metamorphosis; higher
conc. lethal.
Greenhouse 1976a k
1,2dimethylhydrazine
XELA embryo IMMER DEVOBS 0->50 mg/L < 40 mg/L not toxic if embryo transferred to uncontaminated
Greenhouse 1976a
water prior to hatching; > 50 mg/L teratogenic.
k
1,2dimethylhydrazine
XELA embryo IMMER DEVOBS 10-80 mg/L 100 % malformation at >40 mg/L.
Greenhouse 1976b k
1,2dimethylhydrazine
XELA larvae IMMER DEVOBS 0.1-1 mg/L 100 % mortality in larvae at 1 mg/L within 7 d. Continuous
contact with 0.1 mg/L allowed normal metamorphosis.
Greenhouse 1976a k
1-4-
RAPI adult INJECT PHYSIO Metabolites of substances were isolated and identified by Safe et al. 1976
dichloronaphthalene
chromatographic and spectroscopic methods.
1-chloronaphthalene RAPI adult INJECT PHYSIO Metabolites of substances were isolated and identified by
chromatographic and spectroscopic methods.
Safe et al. 1976
2,4-D ALMI adult TISPREP DEVOBS No interaction with estrogen receptors. Vonier et al. 1996
2,4-D ALMI egg DERMAL PHYSIO 0.14-14 No effect on endocrine parameters. Crain et al. 1997
2,4-D RATE tadpole
(hindlimb)
IMMER MORT No mortality or behavioral changes at conc. up to 50 ppm
for 48 h.
Cooke 1972b k
2,4-D RATE tadpoles IMMER DEVOBS 1 mg/L of Na salt and 2 mg/L of diethylamine salt sig. Buslovich and Borushko 1976
inhibited metamorphosis. Addition of thyroidin (1-5 mg/L)
hinders action of the hormone stimulating metamorphosis.
k
2,4-D RATE tadpoles IMMER RESIDUE Exposure for 48 h: ND at 0.1 µg detection limit.
Cooke 1972b k
2,4-D XXXA not
specified
IMMER MORT In Russian, effects of 2, 4-D butyl ester on amphibians given. Skokova and Lobanov 1973
2,4-dichloroaniline XELA tadpoles IMMER MORT 20 100 d NOEL: mortality/growth= 1; development= 0.32 mg/L. k
Slooff and Canton 1983
2-AAF RACA tadpoles IMMER PHYSIO 16 8.7 10 -8 - 5 x10 -
Increasing frequency of micronuclei and rubricytes in blood Krauter 1993
5
M
cells.
2-AF RACA tadpoles IMMER PHYSIO 0- 5 x10 -6 M 2-AF more toxic than 2AAF on red blood cells, cell lysis
eventually occurred.
Krauter 1993
2-methoxyethanol XELA adult IMMER MORT 0-15000 mg/L Adult vs. development toxicity ratios varied for chemical and Daston et al. 1991
between other animal species tested. A/D ratio=>3.
2-methoxyethanol XELA embryo IMMER MORT 0-10000 mg/L Defects were noted in embryos exposed for four days postfertilization.
Daston et al. 1991
2-phenoxyethanol NOVV adult IMMER PHYSIO 0.5 % Sig. bradycardia when the newts were exposed to anesthetic. Pitkin and Pettyjohn 1992
3-
ALMI juvenile SUBDER MORT 3-MC treated alligators showed greater rates of enzyme Jewell et al. 1989
methylcholanthrene
M
activity and greater rates of induction of specific enzymes
that may protect against toxicity of 3-MC.