RATL: A Database of Reptile and Amphibian Toxicology Literature

Contaminant a Species
Code b
Lifestage Exposure
Route f
Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 32
Study
Endpoint g Temp h pH Contaminant
Concentration
e
Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e
Reference k
ethanol RATI adult TISPREP PHYSIO 0.5-4.0 M Results indicate that ethanol-induced contraction may be due
to release of ACh or ACh-like neurotransmitter and that
calcium acts as mediator to produce these effects.
Kela et al. 1994
ethanol XELA embryo IMMER DEVOBS 22-24 7.3 1-2% (pure) Reduced brain length, reduced body size, hypoplasticity of the Nakatsuji 1983
anterior region around the mouth.
ethidium bromide PLWA larvae IMMER GENOTOX 12.5-37.5 Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes: 12.5 ppm=
7/1000; 37.5 ppm= 13/1000.
Fernandez et al. 1989
ethyl acetoacetate AMTI adult DERMAL BEHAV 0.1- 0.5 M Lavage with ethyl acetoacetate produce selective response
decrements to cyclohexanone; lavage with 0.5 M produced
more persistent response decrements than 0.01 M.
Mason and Morton 1982
ethylene dibromide PLWA larvae IMMER GENOTOX 1-5.0 Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes: 1 ppm= 14/1000;
5 ppm= 26.5/1000.
Fernandez et al. 1989
ethylenethiourea MIOR embryo
(gastrula)
IMMER DEVOBS 5.0-50.0 80 % mortality at 50 ppm; 2 % at 10 ppm; 22 % abnormal at
Ghate 1986
5 ppm; > 5 ppm= 100 % abnormal.
k
ethylenethiourea XELA adult IMMER MORT 0-1000 mg/L Adult vs. development toxicity ratios varied for chemical and Daston et al. 1991
between other animal species tested.
ethylenethiourea XELA embryo IMMER MORT 0-1000 mg/L No effects observed. Daston et al. 1991
ethylmethane
sulfonate
ethylmethane
sulfonate
ethylmethane
sulfonate
RAPI adult TISPREP GENOTOX 0.3 mg/L 7 fold increase in sister chromatid exchanges; mitotic index
reduced and cell cycling time lengthened in dose-dependent
manner.
XELA tadpoles IMMER PHYSIO 22, 26 0, 50 and 100 Micronucleated RBCs increased with increasing conc. at both
mg/L temps.
XXFR adult TISPREP PHYSIO 25-200 Increase in pre-mitotic, Gs, population and decrease in
mitosis; micronucleated cells present; genotoxicity effects
(eye epithelial cells).
Geard and Soutter 1986 k
Van Hummelen et al. 1989
Kung et al. 1987 k
ethylnitrosurea PLWA adult UNAVAIL PATH 10/50 animals developed fibro- and hemangiosarcomas,
nephroblastomas and a cavernous hemangioma. No tumors of
the nervous system occurred.
Schmidt 1980
ethylnitrosurea PLWA larvae IMMER GENOTOX 1-10 Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes: 1 ppm= 50/1000;
10 ppm= 197/1000.
Fernandez et al. 1989
eulan wa new RATE tadpoles IMMER DEVOBS 11-15 0.1-1.0 mg/L High conc.: decreased movement for first 48 h, slower
development, abnormalities, decreased feeding rate and
weight, 925% mortality. Low conc.: retarded development,
no mortality.
Osborn and French 1981 k
eulan wa new RATE tadpoles IMMER RESIDUE 0.01-1 mg/L Residues: 0.53 - 24.1 (35-36 d exposure).
Osborn and French 1981 k
Fe BUBO larvae IMMER DEVOBS 20-144 mg/L 144 mg/L= 100 % mortality within 24 h; 30 mg/L 100 %
mortality within 20 d; 20 mg/L all metamorphosed.
Porter and Hakanson 1976 k
Fe PLXX larvae IMMER GENOTOX 0.6-25 mg/L At 12.5 mg/L and greater, high level of micronuclei induction Godet et al. 1996
in red blood cells; at 0.6 - 4.5 mg/L no genotoxicity observed.