RATL: A Database of Reptile and Amphibian Toxicology Literature

Contaminant a Contaminant
b
Concentration
b
LC50 EC50 b
nicotine 0.34mg/L
(tested
alone)
nicotine reduced to increased
20 mg/L to
5.8mg/L
N-nitrosodimethylamine increased
2.0 fold
Ni 0.1-3000
µmol/L
365
µmol/L
increased
2.1 fold
TI d
Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 15
MCIG d
2.5 µmol/L 147 5.6
µmol/L
NOEL d
LOEL d
Effects/Notes de
Retinoic acid:N = No interaction (No
effect greater than that observed for
either compound alone; TU=1.35-1.76).
Scored as potential teratogens.
Metabolism of nicotine to more polar
metabolites increased the nicotine conc.
required to induce terata.
Based on TI values, embryo growth,
types, and severity of induced
malformations, NDMA was toxic.
Malformations were found in >95% of
exposed embryos (equal to or >5.6
µmol/L). The most frequent
malformations in Ni-exposed embryos
were ocular, skeletal, and intestinal
deformities; less common were facial,
cardiac, and integumentary deformities.
Reference k
Dawson and Wilke 1991a
Dawson et al. 1988a
Fort et al. 1991
Hopfer et al. 1991
Ni 180 µmol/L The ocular abnormalities of Ni 2+ exposed
tadpoles included microphthalmia,
hypopigmentation, hernias and cysts of
the choroid and retina, and iris coloboma
(cataracts were uncommon).
Hauptman et al. 1993
Ni 2.3 µmol/L At study termination (after 13 wks)
survival of Ni exposed was 60%. Median
number of days to metamorphosis = 51
(range: 43-85). Mean body weight after
13 wks = 1.17 (SD=0.49).
Plowman et al. 1994
nonylphenol 10.0-100.0 µg/L 5.0 10.0 Increased tail resorption (stage 60-66). Fort and Stover 1997
NTA 540-600 520-530 1.0-1.1 350-400 Dawson et al. 1989
octanoic acid 0-41.8 mg/L 27.9
(25.6-
30.8)
paraoxon 1.2 (1.1-
1.3)
mean
P=0.11;
G=0.16;
(N): 0.22
TI (P):
10.6; TI
(G): 7.3;
TI (N):
4.3
EC50 in mixture of ten acids: 2.7 (2.5-
2.9) TU in mixture for malformation:
0.097 (0.090-0.104).
10-fold more potent than parathion.
Significantly decreased growth. Minimal
curvature to severe notochordal bending.
Barrel-shaped embryos. Inactive until
disturbed, then responded with erratic
movements. Significantly shorter than
controls. (p= effect of abnormal
pigmentation observed; g= effect of
abnormal gut observed; n= abnormal
notochord).
Dawson 1991
Snawder and Chambers 1989