RATL: A Database of Reptile and Amphibian Toxicology Literature

Table 6 - pH Studies - 34
Species
Code b
Lifestage Study
Endpoint g
pH Level(s)
Temp h Additional
Contam a
Cont.
Conc.
Conc.
e
Units
e
LC50 LC100 e
Effects eg
Reference k
RATE embryo DEVOBS 4.0-5.0 -2.0-25 Al A few of the eggs in the 31 ponds died before Beattie and Tyler-Jones
first cleavage, particularly in circumneutral
ponds, but most eggs died at mid-late
cleavage/early gastrula (stages 7-12). Various
types of abnormal embryos were observed.
1992
RATE embryo MORT 3.5-4.5 and 6.0 10±1 Ca 0.5, 1.0, mg/L All but one of the embryos exposed to pH Cummins 1988
(control)
2.0 and
3.5 and 3.75 died within 24 h. There was
4.0
some mortality between 6 h and 12 h at pH
3.5 but no discernible effect of calcium
concentration within that period.
RATE embryo MORT 3.5-4.75 and 6.0 12±1 Ca 0.5, 1.0, mg/L At the lowest pH, all embryos but one died Cummins 1988
(control)
2.0 and
within 45 h. At pH 3.75 mortality increased
4.0
with duration of exposure and with
decreasing calcium concentration.
RATE embryo DEVOBS 4.0-5.0 -2.0- Al Embryonic survival decreased with increasing Beattie and Tyler-Jones
25.0
inorganic monomeric Al at pH 4.5. High
conc. of Al also increased embryo mortality.
Body length of surviving larvae was
decreased by both increasing Al conc. and
low pH.
1992
RATE embryo DEVOBS 4.5 and 6.0 10 Al 0-0.4 mg/L Embryonic survival decreased with increasing Beattie and Tyler-Jones
inorganic monomeric Al concentration at
pH 4.5. High conc. of inorganic monomeric
Al also increased the number of embryos
which died in the early stages of
development.
1992
RATE embryo DEVOBS 4.5-6.0 0-5 and Al 0-14.83 µmol/L Embryonic survival was lower at lower Beattie et al. 1992
10
aluminum conc. Gastrulation and hatching
appeared to be the most sensitive stages to
both pH and Al concentration.
RATE embryo MORT 3.92-7.39 Fertilization success was 87 % in acidic water Beattie et al. 1993
and increased to 100 % following liming. It
was estimated that at least 2.1 % of eggs
deposited in a limed pond gave rise to
metamorphs.
RATE embryo DEVOBS Inorganic monomeric Al conc. was the
principal factor reducing fertilization
success. Exposure to a high zinc
concentration, early in development,
subsequently increased the number of
abnormal species.
Beattie et al. 1991
RATE embryo MORT 4.0-4.5 No embryos survived to become adults.
Hagstrom 1977 k