RATL: A Database of Reptile and Amphibian Toxicology Literature

Contaminant a Species
Code b
Lifestage Exposure
Route f
Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 50
Study
Endpoint g Temp h pH Contaminant
Concentration
e
Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e
Reference k
paraquat RAPI embryo IMMER DEVOBS 0.5, 2.0 mg/L Gastrula stage: 0 % survival rate at 2 mg/L and 63 % at 0.5
mg/L at 16 d post treatment; 15 d old embryo: 5 % survival
at 2 mg/L and 667 % in 0.5 mg/L at 16 d post treatment.
Retardation of growth, tail malformations, poor head
development.
Dial and Dial 1987 k
paraquat RAPI embryo IMMER DEVOBS 21 0.1-10 No survivors > 0.5 at 12 d Development proceeded normally
until approximately 3 d post-hatch. Growth rate slowed in all
groups; tail abnormalities noted at 0.5 ppm.
Dial and Bauer 1984 k
paraquat dichloride RATE adult INJECT PHYSIO 20-25 8 µL/g body wt Labeled compounds were taken up by various tissues. Lindquist et al. 1988
paraquat dichloride RATE adult IMMER DEVOBS Pronounced quantitative changes in the tissue proteins of
contaminated adults were observed.
Paulov 1977a
paraquat dichloride RATE tadpoles IMMER DEVOBS Relatively strong toxic effect of the herbicide on the
developing tadpoles as well as pronounced quantitative
changes in the tissue proteins of contaminated tadpoles were
observed.
Paulov 1977a
parathion ACCR adult IMMER RESIDUE 0.1-10 < 0.05 - 4.6 (96 h exp).
Fleming et al. 1982 k
parathion ACCR adult IMMER MORT 23-24 7.6 0.1-10 Mortality at 96 h was dose related.
Fleming et al. 1982 k
parathion BUAR adult IMMER PHYSIO 16-22 0.1 ml/m 2
Toads exposed experienced a plasma cholinesterase activity
Guzman and Guardia 1978
decrease of 86 % of normal value. Activity quickly recovered
when toads replaced into normal conditions.
k
parathion BUXX adult IMMER PHYSIO Metabolism of parathion incubated with liver slices for 30
min (mµmol): 376 parathion remaining and 2.81 paraoxon
recovered.
Potter and O'Brien 1964 k
parathion GAGA adult ORAL PHYSIO 0.5, 2.5, 5.0, Correlation between AChE activity and serum esterase. Sanchez et al. 1997
7.5
Generally, serum esterase activities slowly increase after acute
treatments, no mortality occurred. Liver microsomal
caroxylesterase were induced at lower conc.
parathion MACR adult TISPREP PHYSIO Paraoxon caused ACh inhibition in brain homogenate. Yawetz et al. 1983
parathion RACA tadpoles IMMER RESIDUE 20 7.2-7.5 1 mg/L No mortality. Hall 1990
parathion RACA tadpoles IMMER RESIDUE 0.1-1 Sig. bioconc.: avg magnification - 64 times, max= 96 ppm,
no paraoxon (metabolite) detected in tissues at 0.5 ppm
sensitivity.
Hall and Kolbe 1980 k
parathion RACL tadpoles IMMER RESIDUE 20 7.2-7.5 5 mg/L Mortality at 5 mg/L. Hall 1990
parathion RAPE tadpoles IMMER DEVOBS 25±5 7-8 1 and 25 mg/L At 1 mg/L: mortality= 28%, normal embryos= 12.22%. At
25 mg/L: mortality= 26.09%, normal embryos=0%. the
incidence of limb and tail deformities was 74.7% at 1 mg/L.
Alvarez et al. 1995
parathion RAPI adult IMMER PHYSIO 5-25 Anemia, leucopenia which worsened with increasing conc.;
progressive neutropenia and lymphocytosis as conc.
increased' marked decrease in activity, decreased muscle tone,
generalized edema.
Kaplan and Glaczenski 1965 k