RATL: A Database of Reptile and Amphibian Toxicology Literature

Contaminant a Species
Code b
Lifestage Exposure
Route f
methylarsonic acid RAPI tadpoles SUBDER
M
Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 44
Study
Endpoint g Temp h pH Contaminant
Concentration
e
Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e
PHYSIO Mechanism by which lead stunts neuronal growth is
independent of NMDA receptor activity or retinotectal
synaptic transmission.
Reference k
Cline and Witte 1994
methylhydrazine XELA embryo IMMER DEVOBS 0-> 10 mg/L < 5 mg/L harmless if embryos transferred to uncontaminated
water by completion of neurulation. Teratogenic at > 10
mg/L.
Greenhouse 1976a k
methylhydrazine XELA embryo IMMER DEVOBS 3-15 mg/L 100 % malformation at 15 mg/L; 1 % malformed at 3 mg/L. k
Greenhouse 1976b
methylhydrazine XELA larvae IMMER DEVOBS 0.1-1.0 mg/L 1 mg/L produced irreversible toxic effects and death within
48 h. Normal metamorphosis occurred in larvae in
continuous contact with 0.1 mg/L.
Greenhouse 1976a k
Mg RACA tadpoles IMMER PHYSIO 25 2.5-5.0 mM An increase in Mg exposure resulted in increased serum Mg. Sasayama et al. 1983
Mg RANI tadpoles IMMER PHYSIO 25 2.5-5.0 mM An increase in Mg exposure resulted in increased serum Mg. Sasayama et al. 1983
Mg XXFR adult IMMER PHYSIO Calcium efflux increased from sarcoplasmic reticulum to
myo-filament containing space.
Stephenson 1981
Mg, Pb, Cd, Mn, Hg XELA embryo IMMER MORT 18 Mg ions moderated the toxicity of lead, cadmium, manganese
and mercury.
Miller and Landesman 1978 k
Mg, Zn RACA tadpole
(stage 15-
18)
TISPREP PHYSIO 7.4 2.5-50 mM
Mg; 50 µM Zn
90 % nuclear survival occurred in the presence of 50uM Zn
with 1mM Mg that would cause unstable liver nuclei in frogs
at (2-10 mM) Mg conc. alone.
microbes PLWA larvae IMMER PHYSIO Larvae reared in untreated tap water had higher levels of
micronucleated erythrocytes than those reared in filtered
water.
Mimic 240LV BUAM tadpoles IMMER BEHAV 15-20 2, 4 and 8
mg/L
Initial response to single pulse exposure included complete
paralysis and bloating of the cranial area. Behavioural
abnormalities were also evident.
Doyle et al. 1981
Jaylet et al. 1987 k
Coulson 1995
Mimic 240LV RACA embryo IMMER DEVOBS 15-20 2,4 and 8 mg/L No hatching occurred prior to completion of exposure. Less
than 10% hatch failure occurred at all conc.
Coulson 1995
Mimic 240LV RACA tadpoles IMMER DEVOBS 15-20 2, 4 and 8 For newly hatched (single pulse) minimal mortality occurred. Coulson 1995
mg/L Less than 30% exhibited abnormal avoidance at 4 mg/L and
recovery occurred rapidly.
Mimic 240LV RACL embryo IMMER DEVOBS 15-20 2, 4 and 8 For mid- to late neurulating embryos hatching had completed Coulson 1995
mg/L by the end of exposure in all treatments. Successfully hatched
tadpoles exhibited no morphological or behavioural
abnormalities.
Mimic 240LV RACL metamorp IMMER DEVOBS 15-20 2, 4 and 8 No morphological or behavioural abnormalities were observed Coulson 1995
hosis
mg/L in late stage tadpoles. At termination of exposure there was
no dif. Between control and treated animals.
Mimic 240LV RACL tadpoles IMMER DEVOBS 15-20 2, 4 and 8 Minimal mortality at all treatment levels with newly hatched Coulson 1995
mg/L tadpoles.
Mimic 240LV RAPI embryo IMMER DEVOBS 15-20 2,4 and 8 mg/L No hatching occurred prior to completion of exposure. Less
than 10% mortality occurred at all conc.
Coulson 1995