RATL: A Database of Reptile and Amphibian Toxicology Literature

Species
Code b
Lifestage Study
Endpoint g
pH Level(s)
XELA embryo MORT 3.6-9.0 (third
bioassay)
Temp h Additional
Contam a
Table 6 - pH Studies - 39
Cont.
Conc.
21-22 0.3-10 x
normal
Conc.
e
Units
e
LC50 LC100 e
LC50 at
pH 4.5 was
2x
blackwater
XELA embryo MORT 3-10 21-22 Clearwater:
3.92 (0.13
SE)
(jellied)
3.93
(0.081 SE)
Clearwater:
3.8
(jellied),
3.6
(dejellied)
Effects eg
Dejellied embryos of XEGI and XELA
showed comparable tolerances to increasing
blackwater conc. No development occurred
at pH 3.6. At pH 4.5 and above, survival
increased and was only depressed in solutions
of 2x, 5x and 10x blackwater.
The pH at which survival was first noted
differed with type of water, jellied embryos
were more resistant to low pH stress in both
tap (clearwater) and blackwater. Dejellied
eggs of both species have similar tolerance
levels.
Reference k
Picker et al. 1993
Picker et al. 1993
XELA embryo MORT 3-10 21-22 1x
(dejellied)
Blackwater Blackwater: The pH at which survival was first noted Picker et al. 1993
normal
: 5.03 4.2 (jellied) differed with type of water, jellied embryos
(0.148 SE) 4.2 were more resistant to low pH stress in both
(jellied) (dejellied) tap (clearwater) and blackwater. Dejellied
4.51
eggs of both species have similar tolerance
(0.054 SE)
(dejellied)
levels.
XELA embryo (<
stage 4)
HATSUC 3.5-6.0 21 Al 0.15-0.90 Results not extracted from paper.
Dale et al. 1985 k
XELA embryo
(stages 10-
DEVOBS 3.9-4.3 25 Tight coiling associated with shrinkage of
the perivitelline space; when jelly layer
Dunson and Connell 1982
13)
removed at pH 4.3 the embryos developed
normally.
k
XELA embryo- HATSUC 3.5-3.6 (Brook 20-24 36±14% developed into tadpoles. 57.2±22% Dumpert 1986
metamorph
I, II)
of tadpoles were injured ie. bent backs,
weaker pigmentation than controls. 40%
tadpoles mortality occurred. Those that
survived developed significantly slower than
controls.
XELA tadpoles DEVOBS 4.0, 7.2-7.6 25-30 One mortality occurred at neutral pH, 10 Pierce and Montgomery
died at pH 4.0. Three d after exposure period 1989
4 more tadpoles from the pH 4.0 group died.
XXNE larvae BEHAV 4.5 and 7.4-7.5 20±3 TRCR showed no decline in the response to
prey after transfer to pH 4.5. With only
three exceptions, TRCR snapped and
consumed food immediately after it was
offered. All TRCR larvae achieved the
maximum score of 5 in all tests.
Griffiths et al. 1993