RATL: A Database of Reptile and Amphibian Toxicology Literature

Contaminant a Species
Code b
Lifestage Exposure
Route f
Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 14
Study
Endpoint g Temp h pH Contaminant
Concentration
e
Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e
Reference k
CdCl2 ALMI adult INJECT PHYSIO 1.0 body wt Cadmium was found in liver bound to proteins. Bell and Lopez 1985
CdCl2 RATI adult INJECT PHYSIO 200 µg Decreased ovarian and oviduct weight / 100 g body wt.
Ovaries contained large number of yolk atretic follicles.
Pramoda and Saidapur 1986 k
CdCl2 XELA adult IMMER MORT 0-1.0 mg/L Adult vs. development toxicity ratios varied for chemical and Daston et al. 1991
between other animal species tested. A/D ratio=>100.
CdCl2 XELA embryo IMMER MORT 0-10.0 mg/L Defects were noted in embryos exposed for four days
postfertilization.
Daston et al. 1991
CdCl2 XELA embryo- IMMER DEVOBS Lowest effect conc.= 1 mg/L. Developmental toxicity Sakamoto et al. ?
larvae
occurred in a dose-dependent manner.
CdCl2 XELA tadpole
(stage 54-
IMMER MORT 50-100 mg/L Pretreatment with Cd or Zn resulted in decreased mortality
with subsequent exposure to Cd conc. effect with Cd
Woodall et al. 1988
58)
exposure.
k
cekapur RAES tadpoles IMMER MORT 18-22 0.001- 0.01% 100 % mortality in all exposure groups. Gunther and Plotner 1986
chloranil XELA embryo
(tail bud)
IMMER PHYSIO 0-2 5% survival at 2 ppm after 24 h. Surviving embryos showed
alterations in the development of the otolith, optic cup and
pigmentation. Movement was sporadically convulsive.
Anderson and Prahlad 1976 k
chlordane ALMI adult TISPREP DEVOBS No interaction with estrogen receptors. Vonier et al. 1996
chlordane ALMI adult (F) TISPREP PHYSIO Estrogen receptors from alligator oviductal tissue tested with
various environmental chemicals and with 17ß-estradiol.
Arnold et al. 1997
chlordane BUAR embryo IMMER MORT 1-15 100 % mortality at 5 and 15 ppm on day 20 and 14
respectively. 1 ppm not toxic.
Juarez and Guzman 1984a k
chlordane RAPI adult IMMER BEHAV 5.7-5.79 0.25- 0.5 Mortality= 8 of 20 frogs at 0.5 ppm. No mortality at 0.38 or
Kaplan and Overpeck 1964
0.25 ppm. Neuromuscular changes produced excessive
thrashing and abnormal reaction to stimulation.
k
chlordane RAPI adult TISPREP PHYSIO 2 x10 -4 M No sig. changes in short circuit current or resistance in
abdominal skin.
Webb et al. 1979 k
chlordane XELA adult IMMER RESIDUE 5 ppb Time for max absorption was 96 h exposure (biomass
80g/8L); bioaccumulation factor for cis-chlordane was 108;
max conc. accumulated was 0.207 ppm; half-life 3.3 wks.
Khan et al. 1979b
chlordane XELA adult IMMER PHYSIO 1 Vitellogenin induction was not dif. between chlordane treated
frogs and controls.
Palmer et al. 1998
chlordimeform BURE adult ORAL PHYSIO 90 Liver neoplastic lesions (lymphocarcinomas) appeared in 15
of 82 animals. Chlordimeform is liver carcinogen in BURE.
El-Mofty et al. 1982
chlordimeform RACA adult TISPREP PHYSIO 10 -3 - 10 -5 M Caused slow contraction and inhibited ACh-induced
contraction in noncompetitive manner. K+ induced
contraction was also inhibited in non-competitive manner.
Watanabe et al. 1975 k
chlordimeform RANI adult TISPREP PHYSIO 10 -3 - 10 -5 M Contraction and inhibition of ACh-induced contraction in
non-competitive manner.
Watanabe et al. 1975 k
chlordimeform RAPI adult TISPREP PHYSIO 0.1 - 1 mM 0.1 mM suppressed amplitude of spontaneous miniature endplate
potentials. 1 mM blocked end-plate potential
completely.
Wang et al. 1975 k