RATL: A Database of Reptile and Amphibian Toxicology Literature

Contaminant a Species
Code b
Lifestage Exposure
Route f
Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 37
Study
Endpoint g Temp h pH Contaminant
Concentration
e
Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e
Reference k
hexamethyl- PLWA larvae IMMER GENOTOX 30-60 Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes: 30 ppm= Fernandez et al. 1989
phosphoramide
19/1000; 10 ppm= 28/1000.
hexazinone RACA embryo IMMER DEVOBS 100 No effect. Berrill et al. 1994
hexazinone RACA tadpoles IMMER DEVOBS 15 100 Behavioural abnormalities with eventual recovery over
duration of exposure.
Berrill et al. 1994
hexazinone RACL embryo IMMER DEVOBS 100 No effect. Berrill et al. 1994
hexazinone RACL tadpoles IMMER DEVOBS 100 No effect. Berrill et al. 1994
hexazinone RAPI embryo IMMER DEVOBS 15 100 No effect. Berrill et al. 1994
hexazinone RAPI tadpoles IMMER DEVOBS 100 No effect. Berrill et al. 1994
Hg GACA egg IMMER DEVOBS 7.5-8.0 0.146-122.83 41 - 49 % mortality at hatching; 52 - 65 % mortality at 4 d
post hatch.
Birge et al. 1977 k
Hg RACA adult IMMER PHYSIO Irreversible decrease in rod response amplitude; did not affect
cones of eyes.
Fox and Sillman 1979 k
Hg RACA tadpoles IMMER RESIDUE 36 (1.7) µg/kg= whole body mean conc. (standard deviation). Burger and Snodgrass 1998
Hg RANI egg IMMER DEVOBS 0.8 Damage to primordial germ cells, slower proliferation rate.
Hah 1978 k
Hg RANI tadpoles IMMER DEVOBS 0.4- 0.8 Lethal to tadpoles. Abnormal tadpoles at 0.4 and 0.8 ppm.
Hah 1978 k
Hg RAPI adult TISPREP PHYSIO No effects on force or relative potentiation were observed
unlike in rat tissue.
Oliveira et al. 1994
Hg RATI adult INJECT RESIDUE 10 µCi/100 g 203 Hg accumulated in kidney and liver.
Dustman et al. 1972 k
Hg RATI adult INJECT RESIDUE inject 10
µCi/100 g body
Residues: 203 Hg accumulated in both high and low MW
fractions of kidneys, 2, 4 and 7 d after administration. In
Mehra et al. 1980
wt
liver, 203 Hg appeared in high MW fractions at 2 d, in both
high and low at 4 and 7.
k
Hg XELA adult TISPREP PHYSIO Irreversibly shifted Na activation curve in positive direction
along the potential nerve axis.
Arhem 1980 k
Hg XELA egg IMMER DEVOBS 18-20 6.6-8.4 20-100 ppb Exposure resulted in mortality, retarded development of
survivors, deformities of eyes, heart, tail and intestine.
Schowing and Boverio 1979
Hg XELA embryo IMMER DEVOBS 18 0.001-1 1 ppm Hg lethal; increased Hg conc. resulted in moderate to
severe deformities; increasing Mg resulted in decreased toxic
effects.
Miller and Landesman 1978 k
Hg XELA embryolarvae
IMMER MORT 7.3 0.16- 0.34 4 d post hatch survival 46 % in 0.16 µg/L; 28 % at 0.34 µg/L. k
Birge et al. 1979b
HPB RACA tadpoles IMMER PHYSIO 18 8.8 0.010 mg/L bioconc. factor: 13±4. Gills: 1.726 (SD=0.305). Liver: 0.017
(SD=0.012). Kidneys: 0.049 (SD=0.042). Fat bodies: 0.056
(SD=0.069). Stomach: 0.031 (SD=0.018). Intestine: 0.236
(SD=0.337). Skin: 0.312 (SD=0.081). mg/L.
Knezovich et al. 1989
HPB RACA tadpoles IMMER RESIDUE 18 9.8 gill>intestine>skin>stomach> liver (15,000, 6,200, 5,600,
3,600, 500 pg/mg, respectively). GI tract had 29,000 pg/mg.
Knezovich and Inouye 1993
HPB RACA tadpoles IMMER RESIDUE 3.7 int>skin>stomach>gill>liver: (37, 17, 13, 12, 5 pg/mg,
respectively). GI tract= 540 pg/mg.
Knezovich and Inouye 1993