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ijcrb.webs.com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS SuppFctrz Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Barriers Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Table 4.12: T-test (Family Business Exposure) Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means F Sig. T df Sig. (2tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference .129 .720 -.312 310 .755 -.03020 .09665 .334 .564 -.326 224.443 .744 -.03020 .09251 - 1.351 - 1.333 311 .178 -.11913 .08815 192.860 .184 -.11913 .08938 COPY RIGHT © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 220 JANUARY 2011 VOL 2, NO 9 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper - .22036 - .21250 - .29258 - .29541 .15997 .15211 .05431 .05715
ijcrb.webs.com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS EXCHANGE RATE DEPRECIATION AND IMPORT DEMAND IN NIGERIA (1986 – 2008) Dr Imimole, Benedict (Ph.D) Department of Economics, Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma, Nigeria. Abstract This paper has examined the direction and extent of exchange rate impact on import demand for the different groups of products in Nigeria for the period 1986 -2008, using the traditional polynomial distributed lag model. The empirical result shows that the demand for these product groups was import inelastic, and that apart from the one product group – manufactured goods, – exchange rate depreciation made appreciable impact on import demand for the period covered by the investigation. Depreciation of exchange rate was also found to have increased the volume of imports of these product groups. It was however suggested that with more commitment on the part of government, the high import content currently being experienced, could be explored to bring about the needed transformation the economy requires. Keywords: Exchange Rate Depreciation, Import Demand, Polynomial Distributed Lag 1. Introduction 1.1 Background and Problem Statement The importance of foreign trade as a vital catalyst for economic development has gained attention in recent times. For developing countries the contribution of trade to overall economic development is enormous owing largely to the obvious fact that most of the essential elements for development such as capital goods, raw materials and technical know-how, are almost entirely imported because of inadequate domestic supply. Since the currencies of this group of countries are not convertible foreign exchange has to be earned through exports to be able to pay for imports. Thus, increased domestic demand obviously requires a corresponding expansion in export. However, to enhance export capacity, improved technology is required. Since this is not obtainable in the domestic economy, the need for it further pushes up the demand for imports. This cycle of activities has the tendency of pushing imports far ahead of exports and in consequence exerts an undue pressure on balance of payment. Mora (1989) realizing the vital role played by imports in foreign trade developed and estimated two models that explained the import behaviour under a foreign exchange constraint, arguing that such models are more appropriate representation of import behaviour in less developed countries (LDCs). The study therefore emphasise the role of foreign exchange availability in foreign trade and development. This may have prompted several authors to be pre-occupied with the determination of imports in developing countries with the result that a number of functional specifications have been employed. Available evidence generally suggests that most developing countries registered persistent decline in their foreign exchange earning from the early 1980s. This is COPY RIGHT © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 221 JANUARY 2011 VOL 2, NO 9 Listed in ULRICH’S
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Employee Engagement Employee involv
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