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INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS
1.1.1 Definition of Sustainability
JANURAY 2011
VOL 2, NO 9
According to the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), ―Adopting
business strategies and activities that meet the needs of the enterprise and its stakeholders
today while protecting, sustaining and enhancing the human and natural resources that will be
needed in the future‖ (Blackburn, 2007). ―Sustainable development is development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to their own
needs‖ by WCED (1987) as cited by Young and Burton (1992).
1.1.2 Definition of Short-sea Shipping
Short-sea Shipping can be defined as maritime transportation of relatively short distances
where no ocean will be crossed. Moreover, based on Europe, the European Commission
defines short-sea shipping as the carriage of goods by ships among the ports located in the
geography of Europe or among these ports placed in non-European countries having a
coastline on the enclosed seas around Europe (Leinbach and Capineri, 2007).
According to the author Stopford (2009), short-sea shipping provides transport within regions,
for example: It distributes the cargo delivered to regional centers such as Rotterdam by deep
sea vessels, and provides a port-to-port service. Ships are generally smaller than their
counterparts in the deep-sea shipping, ranging in size from 400 dwt to 6,000 dwt, but there are
no firm rules about the sizes. In the short-sea shipping, designs are much concentrated on the
cargo flexibility.
According to Confavreux, Report CEMT/CS/Comb(99) as cited by the ECMT (2001), shortsea
shipping means maritime transport between ports in mainland Europe, including (1)
national coastal shipping, between two ports of the same country; (2) intra-European
international shipping whose ports of origin and destination are European ports; (3) the
European leg of inter-ocean trades. According to ECMT (2002), short-sea shipping is defined
as transport involving a sea or ocean leg without an ocean crossing. According to the
Chlomoudis (2002) based on the definition adopted at the Community level, refers to
maritime transport along the EU coastline, and between the continental ports of Europe and
those situated in the European islands. In other words, it includes all seagoing transport that
doesn‘t require ocean crossings.
1.1.3 Ships and Cargos in Short-sea Shipping
Short-sea cargoes include grain, fertilizer, coal, lumber, steel, clay, aggregates, containers,
wheeled vehicles (Stopford, 2009). Ships used in the short-sea are generally smaller versions
of the ships trading in deep-sea. Small tankers, bulk carriers, ferries, container-ships, gas
tankers and vehicle carriers can be found in most of the region of short-haul routes (Stopford,
2009). Combined transport with this mode is not necessarily limited to Ro-Ro carriage of
goods vehicles or semi-trailers; it is also used to ship goods in containers (ECMT, 2002).
1.1.4 Locations in Europe
Short-sea shipping in Europe involves an area that stretches from northern Norway, across
Baltic, down past the British Isles to the Iberian Peninsula and thence to the Mediterranean
and Black Sea (Leinbach and Capineri, 2007).
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