Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in ... - Webs

Recommendations

Info

ijcrb.webs.com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS 1.1.1 Definition of Sustainability JANURAY 2011 VOL 2, NO 9 According to the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), ―Adopting business strategies and activities that meet the needs of the enterprise and its stakeholders today while protecting, sustaining and enhancing the human and natural resources that will be needed in the future‖ (Blackburn, 2007). ―Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to their own needs‖ by WCED (1987) as cited by Young and Burton (1992). 1.1.2 Definition of Short-sea Shipping Short-sea Shipping can be defined as maritime transportation of relatively short distances where no ocean will be crossed. Moreover, based on Europe, the European Commission defines short-sea shipping as the carriage of goods by ships among the ports located in the geography of Europe or among these ports placed in non-European countries having a coastline on the enclosed seas around Europe (Leinbach and Capineri, 2007). According to the author Stopford (2009), short-sea shipping provides transport within regions, for example: It distributes the cargo delivered to regional centers such as Rotterdam by deep sea vessels, and provides a port-to-port service. Ships are generally smaller than their counterparts in the deep-sea shipping, ranging in size from 400 dwt to 6,000 dwt, but there are no firm rules about the sizes. In the short-sea shipping, designs are much concentrated on the cargo flexibility. According to Confavreux, Report CEMT/CS/Comb(99) as cited by the ECMT (2001), shortsea shipping means maritime transport between ports in mainland Europe, including (1) national coastal shipping, between two ports of the same country; (2) intra-European international shipping whose ports of origin and destination are European ports; (3) the European leg of inter-ocean trades. According to ECMT (2002), short-sea shipping is defined as transport involving a sea or ocean leg without an ocean crossing. According to the Chlomoudis (2002) based on the definition adopted at the Community level, refers to maritime transport along the EU coastline, and between the continental ports of Europe and those situated in the European islands. In other words, it includes all seagoing transport that doesn‘t require ocean crossings. 1.1.3 Ships and Cargos in Short-sea Shipping Short-sea cargoes include grain, fertilizer, coal, lumber, steel, clay, aggregates, containers, wheeled vehicles (Stopford, 2009). Ships used in the short-sea are generally smaller versions of the ships trading in deep-sea. Small tankers, bulk carriers, ferries, container-ships, gas tankers and vehicle carriers can be found in most of the region of short-haul routes (Stopford, 2009). Combined transport with this mode is not necessarily limited to Ro-Ro carriage of goods vehicles or semi-trailers; it is also used to ship goods in containers (ECMT, 2002). 1.1.4 Locations in Europe Short-sea shipping in Europe involves an area that stretches from northern Norway, across Baltic, down past the British Isles to the Iberian Peninsula and thence to the Mediterranean and Black Sea (Leinbach and Capineri, 2007). COPY RIGHT © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 430
ijcrb.webs.com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS 1.1.5 Barriers of short-sea Shipping Development JANURAY 2011 VOL 2, NO 9 Firstly, many commercial shippers think that it is an old-fashioned, slow and complex mode of transport. Secondly, short-sea shipping has not still received full integration in the intermodal door-to-door. Thirdly, short-sea shipping is still surrounded by complex administrative procedure. Fourthly, short-sea shipping needs short-sea friendly ports that can offer quicker turnaround times, procedures and good hinterland connections (Leinbach and Capineri, 2007). 1.2 Research Topic 1.2.1 Purpose Our purpose with this report is to describe Short Sea Shipping and its development within Europe and how it could be used as a sustainable and competitive alternative to move freight. This includes a deeper analysis regarding the short sea shipping transport network and its connected ports and the SSS potential regarding emission savings. 1.2.2 Research Questions � What are the competitive advantages for SSS in Europe compared to the USA? � What effects will the usage of short sea shipping instead of road transports have on emission savings? � What are the weaknesses / limitations of short sea shipping in the European Union? 1.2.3 Boundaries � We will focus on Europe as our geographical area the ports which are included in our studies are within the 27 member state of the European Union. � The emissions that we include are those that occur when freight are being moved. Emissions not included are which due to port handling, construction or maintenance. � We are only calculating with C02 emission. All other are excluded from this report. � When we are performing emission calculations we are not qualifying the raw material which is being used. We have instead decided to focus on the active emissions which are does released when performing the process, for example running a truck, these which are being quantified. � We have chosen to use NTM‘s average figures for our Road calculations with a known fact that other similar figures exists. � Our road calculations are based on figures from 2003 which are documented in Appendix 2. If there is a lack in data from 2003 we have used latest figures. � For our SSS calculations we used figures from GBR and Chalmers University of Tec. 2. Theoretical Framework 2.1 Intermodal Markets in Europe In Europe, three modes are used for non-road transport in intermodal transport: Rail Transport, Inland Shipping and Short-sea Shipping. Rail transport has a strong position on North-South routes but is also used for transport of maritime containers in Eastern Europe. Inland shipping has a strong position in hinterland connections from Rotterdam and Antwerp. COPY RIGHT © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 431
Page 1 and 2:
ijcrb.webs.com INTERDISCIPLINARY JO
Page 3 and 4:
Page 5 and 6:
Page 7 and 8:
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
ijcrb.webs.com SuppFctrz Equal vari
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 ij
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380: ijcrb.webs.com INTERDISCIPLINARY JO
Page 383 and 384: Employee Engagement Employee involv
Page 385 and 386: Model ijcrb.webs.com INTERDISCIPLIN
Page 413 and 414: Salo & Karjaluoto (2007) Mukherjee
Page 429: ijcrb.webs.com INTERDISCIPLINARY JO
Page 481 and 482:
Page 483 and 484:
Page 485 and 486:
Page 487 and 488:
Page 489 and 490:
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497 and 498:
Page 499 and 500:
Page 501 and 502:
Page 503 and 504:
Page 505 and 506:
Page 507 and 508:
Page 509 and 510:
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
Page 515 and 516:
Page 517 and 518:
Page 519 and 520:
Page 521 and 522:
Page 523 and 524:
Page 525 and 526:
Page 527 and 528:
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Page 533 and 534:
Page 535 and 536:
Page 537 and 538:
Page 539 and 540:
Page 541 and 542:
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Page 551 and 552:
Page 553 and 554:
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Page 561 and 562:
show all

Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in ... - Webs

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?