o-TOLUIDINE CAS N°: 95-53-4 - UNEP Chemicals

More documents

Recommendations

Info

OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE 6 Daphnia magna: 21 d-LRCT = 0.1 mg/l [endpoint population growth]; derived NOEC = 0.032 mg/l Selenastrum capricornutum: 72 h-NOEC = 31.0 mg/l [endpoint growth rate]; (2.9 mg/l [Endpoint biomass]) Microcystis aeruginosa: 8 d-EC3 = 0.31 mg/l [endpoint cell multiplication], similar to NOEC Based on the lowest NOEC of 0.0126 mg/l derived for Daphnia magna a Predicted No Effect Concentration in water (PNECaqua) of 0.252 µg/l can be calculated with an assessment factor of 50. Exposure o-Toluidine is commercially manufactured by reduction of o-nitrotoluene. In 2001, the world wide production volume of o-toluidine is estimated to be 59,000 tonnes by 11 producers. o-Toluidine is an intermediate in chemical synthesis of herbicides, rubber chemicals, dye and pigment intermediates, resin hardeners, fungicide intermediates, pharmaceutical intermediates, and others. By far the largest use is as an intermediate in the manufacture of herbicides. No direct consumer use is known for o-toluidine. o-Toluidine is listed in the Danish, Finnish, Norwegian, and Swedish product registers as an industrial product. No consumer application is registered. The Swiss product register lists 2 analytical kits, both with a o-toluidine concentration of about 0.1 %, presumably for occupational use. An analytical substance is registered for industrial use with an o-toluidine content of less than 1 %. There are about 10 metallic mordants for industrial use with o-toluidine levels of < 0.1 %. In the EU, the use of azo dyes releasing o-toluidine on degradation, is not permitted for textiles and other consumer articles. Thus, an exposure of consumers and of the environment due to releases from consumer products appears to be negligible. At all 5 sites of one company in the Sponsor country o-toluidine is manufactured and processed in closed systems. The effluent concentration from the wastewater treatment plants was below the detection limit of 20 µg/l (one production site), below 25 µg/l (one processing site) and 10 µg/l (two processing sites). For one production site in the Sponsor country only data for the sum of the toluidine isomers are available. o-Toluidine occurs in certain vegetables, in tobacco leaves and in the aroma of black tea. It is an intermediate in the biodegradation of o-nitrotoluene, e.g. at former munitions sites. Toluidine (isomers not specified, but otoluidine likely to be present) was detected as a component of coal oil. o-Toluidine is formed during pyrolysis. Most recent detection of o-toluidine in environmental waters in the Sponsor country was in the rivers Rhine and Elbe in 1997and 1998, with the highest o-toluidine concentrations of 0.1 µg/l in the Elbe river at Schmilka. o-Toluidine releases were up to 4 µg/cigarette. o-Toluidine was detected in contaminated outdoor air. In indoor air there was a correlation between o-toluidine concentration and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. In Germany for occupational settings, a Technical Exposure Limit (TRK) of 0.5 mg/m³ is set for o-toluidine. At production and processing sites of the Sponsor company, the exposure of workers is well below this limit. There are several published reports on biomonitoring of o-toluidine. o-Toluidine concentration in urine and the level of hemoglobin adducts in blood of workers were higher than in the general population in historic studies, but not in recent studies. In general, smokers have higher levels of o-toluidine in urine and of hemoglobin adducts in blood than non-smokers. o-Toluidine was also detected in human milk. Consumers are exposed to o-toluidine in environmental tobacco smoke, some foodstuffs, and (other) products in contact with smoke. Tobacco smoke is the predominant source of o-toluidine in humans. RECOMMENDATION AND RATIONALE FOR THE RECOMMENDATION AND NATURE OF FURTHER WORK RECOMMENDED Human Health: The substance is currently of low priority for further work. The chemical possesses properties indicating a hazard for human health (acute and subacute toxicity, methemoglobin formation, skin and eye irritation, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, potential for reproductive toxicity). Based on data presented by the Sponsor country (relating to production by one producer which accounts for 17 – 60 % of global production and relating to the use pattern in several OECD countries as well as occupational monitoring data from several UNEP PUBLICATIONS
OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE countries), exposure is controlled in occupational settings, and exposure of consumers is negligible. Countries may desire to investigate any exposure scenarios that were not presented by the Sponsor. Environment: The substance is currently of low priority for further work. The chemical possesses properties indicating a hazard for the environment. Based on data presented by the Sponsor country (relating to production by one producer which accounts for 17 – 60 % of global production and relating to the use pattern in several OECD countries as well as surface water monitoring data from one country), exposure to the environment is anticipated to be low, and therefore this chemical is currently of low priority for further work. Countries may desire to investigate any exposure scenarios that were not presented by the Sponsor country. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 7
Page 1 and 2: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE FOREWORD INTR
Page 3 and 4: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE 11. Comments:
Page 5: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE and transitio
Page 9 and 10: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE 1.3 Physico-C
Page 11 and 12: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE methylene-bis
Page 13 and 14: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE Table 3 Photo
Page 15 and 16: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE With adapted
Page 17 and 18: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE Table 8 Geoac
Page 19 and 20: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE polluted site
Page 21 and 22: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE depending on
Page 23 and 24: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE prepared from
Page 25 and 26: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE 3.1.2 Acute T
Page 27 and 28: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE 3.1.4 Sensiti
Page 29 and 30: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE Inhalation Th
Page 31 and 32: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE males or fema
Page 33 and 34: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE examination y
Page 35 and 36: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE Conclusion Th
Page 37 and 38: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE According to
Page 39 and 40: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE The lowest te
Page 41 and 42: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE 4.2 Terrestri
Page 43 and 44: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE 6 REFERENCES
Page 45 and 46: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE Bringmann G,
Page 47 and 48: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE Hecht SS, El-
Page 49 and 50: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE phase extract
Page 51 and 52: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE Stark M (1892
Page 53 and 54: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE I U C L I D D
Page 55 and 56: OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE 1. GENERAL IN
Page 57 and 58:
OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE 1. GENERAL IN
Page 59 and 60:
OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE 1. GENERAL IN
Page 61 and 62:
OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE 2. PHYSICO-CH
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE 3. ENVIRONMEN
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE 4. ECOTOXICIT
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE 5. TOXICITY I
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
OECD SIDS o-TOLUIDINE 6. REFERENCES
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297:
show all

o-TOLUIDINE CAS N°: 95-53-4 - UNEP Chemicals

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?