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“Internationalized” has been used to indicate that multiple States may be involved in anon-international armed conflict.17.1.1.4 NIAC and Guerilla or Unconventional Warfare. Guerrilla warfare maybe understood to be military and paramilitary operations conducted in enemy-held or hostileterritory by irregular, predominantly indigenous forces. 9 Guerrilla operations or unconventionalwarfare are common during non-international armed conflict. Such operations, however, are amethod of warfare that has been employed in international armed conflicts and occupation aswell.17.1.1.5 NIAC and Rebellion or Insurrection. Rebellion, insurrection, orinsurgency may also be types of non-international armed conflict. 10 Counter-insurgencyoperations generally occur in the context of non-international armed conflict, but could occur inthe context of an international armed conflict and occupation as well.17.1.1.6 NIAC and Terrorism. Issues surrounding terrorism and the activities ofterrorist groups can arise in the contexts of non-international armed conflict, international armedconflict, and, of course, can arise outside the context of armed conflict altogether. Acts ofterrorism are prohibited during international armed conflict and during non-international armedconflict. 1117.1.1.7 NIAC and Small Wars or Low-Intensity Conflict. Non-internationalarmed conflict has sometimes been discussed using the term “low-intensity” conflict. 12 The term9 JOINT PUBLICATION 3-05.1, Joint Special Operations Task Force Operations, GL-11 (Apr. 26, 2007) (“guerrillawarfare. Military and paramilitary operations conducted in enemy-held or hostile territory by irregular,predominantly indigenous forces. Also called GW. (JP 3-05.1)”). See also FRANCIS LIEBER, GUERRILLA PARTIESCONSIDERED WITH REFERENCE TO THE LAWS AND USAGES OF WAR 7-8 (1862) (“[B]ut it may be stated here thatwhatever may be our final definition, it is universally understood in this country at the present time that a guerrillaparty means an irregular band of armed men, carrying on an irregular war, not being able, according to theircharacter as a guerrilla party, to carry on what the law terms a regular war. The irregularity of the guerrilla partyconsists in its origin, for it is either self-constituted or constituted by the call of a single individual, not according tothe general law of levy, conscription, or volunteering; it consists in its disconnection with the army, as to its pay,provision, and movements, and it is irregular as to the permanency of the band, which may be dismissed and calledagain together at any time.”).10 See, e.g., LIEBER CODE art. 151 (“The term rebellion is applied to an insurrection of large extent, and is usually awar between the legitimate government of a country and portions of provinces of the same who seek to throw offtheir allegiance to it and set up a government of their own.”).11 Refer to § 10.5.3.2 (Collective Penalties and Measures of Intimidation or Terrorism); § 17.6.5 (Prohibition onActs of Terrorism).12 John M. Collins, U.S. Low Intensity Conflicts, 1899-1990, 4 (Congressional Research Service, Sept. 10, 1990)(“This survey locates LIC [Low-Intensity Conflict] on the conflict spectrum just above normal peacetimecompetition and just below any kind of armed combat that depletes U.S. forces slightly, if at all (Figures 1 and 2graphically contrast LIC with mid- and high-intensity conflicts). Limitations on violence, rather than force levelsand arsenals, determine the indistinct upper boundary of LIC. Large military formations conceivably could conductlow-intensity operations for limited objectives using the most lethal weapons (perhaps for signalling), provided fewU.S. casualties and little U.S. damage ensued. The lower boundary, where nonviolent LICs abut normal peacetimecompetition, is equally inexact. Political, economic, technological, and psychological warfare, waged for deterrent,offensive, or defensive purposes, occupy prominent places. So do nonviolent military operations, typified by showsof force and peacekeeping. Insurgencies, counterinsurgencies, coups d’etat, transnational terrorism,1012