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6.9.3 Biological Weapons – Prohibition on Transfer or Assisting, Encouraging, orInducing the Manufacture or Acquisition. It is also prohibited to transfer or to assist, encourage,or induce others to acquire biological weapons. 207The exchange of equipment, materials, and scientific and technological information forthe use of bacteriological and biological agents and toxins for peaceful purposes, such as theprevention of disease, however, is not restricted. 2086.10 CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION TECHNIQUESIt is prohibited to use environmental modification techniques having widespread, longlasting,or severe effects as a means of destruction, damage, or injury to another Party to theENMOD Convention. 209 In addition, it is prohibited to assist, encourage, or induce others to usesuch environmental modification techniques against a Party to the ENMOD Convention. 2106.10.1 Environmental Modification Techniques. “Environmental modificationtechniques” refers to any technique for changing through the deliberate manipulation of naturalprocesses the dynamics, composition, or structure of the earth, including its biota, lithosphere,hydrosphere and atmosphere, or of outer space. 2116.10.2 Having Widespread, Long-Lasting, or Severe Effects. The techniques must havewidespread, long-lasting, or severe effects. These terms are interpreted as follows:207 BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION art. 3 (“Each State Party to this Convention undertakes not to transfer toany recipient whatsover [sic], directly or indirectly, and not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce any State,group of States or international organisations to manufacture or otherwise acquire any of the agents, toxins,weapons, equipment or means of delivery specified in Article I of the Convention.”).208 BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION art. 10(1) (“The States Parties to this Convention undertake to facilitate, andhave the right to participate in, the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials and scientific and technologicalinformation for the use of bacteriological (biological) agents and toxins for peaceful purposes. Parties to theConvention in a position to do so shall also co-operate in contributing individually or together with other States orinternational organisations to the further development and application of scientific discoveries in the field ofbacteriology (biology) for the prevention of disease, or for other peaceful purposes.”); BIOLOGICAL WEAPONSCONVENTION art. 10(2) (“This Convention shall be implemented in a manner designed to avoid hampering theeconomic or technological development of States Parties to the Convention or international co-operation in the fieldof peaceful bacteriological (biological) activities, including the international exchange of bacteriological (biological)agents and toxins and equipment for the processing, use or production of bacteriological (biological) agents andtoxins for peaceful purposes in accordance with the provisions of the Convention.”).209 ENMOD CONVENTION art. 1(1) (“Each State Party to this Convention undertakes not to engage in military or anyother hostile use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects as themeans of destruction, damage or injury to any other State Party.”).210 ENMOD CONVENTION art. 1(2) (“Each State Party to this Convention undertakes not to assist, encourage orinduce any State, group of States or international organization to engage in activities contrary to the provisions ofparagraph 1 of this article.”).211 ENMOD CONVENTION art. 2 (“The term ‘Environmental modification techniques’ refers to any technique forchanging through the deliberate manipulation of natural processes the dynamics, composition or structure of theearth, including its biota, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, or of outer space.”).352