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international airspace. Such zones may be established for a variety of purposes, including todecrease the risk of inadvertent attack of civil or neutral aircraft, to control the scope of theconflict, or to enhance the predictability and effectiveness of ongoing operations.The legal rules that apply to the establishment and enforcement of a zone are discussed inconnection with the establishment and enforcement of maritime zones. 110In some cases, such as with Air Defense Identification Zones, the zone may beestablished during peacetime. 11114.8 ATTACKS AGAINST MILITARY OBJECTIVES IN THE AIRThe general rules on conducting attacks also apply to attacks against military objectivesin the air. 112 In general, enemy military aircraft may be made the object of attack.14.8.1 Medical Aircraft. Specific rules found in the 1949 Geneva Conventions addressthe protection of aircraft that are engaged exclusively in specified medical functions. 11314.8.2 Protection of Persons Who Surrender or Who Are Otherwise Hors De Combat onBoard Enemy Aircraft. The general rules on the protection of persons who are hors de combat(such as those who have been incapacitated and those who have effectively surrendered) alsoapply to persons on board enemy aircraft. 114Although the capture of enemy military aircraft and aircrew may be of significantintelligence value, there are often significant practical obstacles to identifying when persons onboard an aircraft are hors de combat and to accepting their surrender. Despite these practicaldifficulties, if surrender is offered in good faith and circumstances do not preclude enforcement,then surrender must be respected. 115 Persons who are conducting attacks against enemy militaryaircraft must assess in good faith whether surrender is offered in good faith and can feasibly beaccepted based on the information that is available to them at the time. 11614.8.2.1 Difficulty in Identifying Persons on Board Aircraft as Hors De Combat.As a practical matter, it may be quite difficult to establish that persons on board enemy aircraftare hors de combat and may no longer be made the object of attack.First, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to assess whether the enemy aircraft hasactually been disabled and does not pose any threat. For example, aircraft may feign symptoms110 Refer to § 13.9 (Maritime and Airspace Zones: Exclusion, War, Operational, Warning, and Safety).111 Refer to § 14.2.4 (Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)).112 Refer to § 5.5.2 (Overview of Rules in Conducting Attacks).113 Refer to § 7.14 (Military Medical Aircraft); § 7.19 (Civilian Medical Aircraft).114 Refer to § 5.10 (Persons Placed Hors de Combat).115 1976 AIR FORCE PAMPHLET 110-31 4-2d (“If surrender is offered in good faith so that circumstances do notpreclude enforcement, then surrender must be respected.”).116 Refer to § 5.4.2 (Decisions Must Be Made in Good Faith and Based on Information Available at the Time).917