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Shotguns have been used as anti-personnel weapons for close-combat, for guardingenemy prisoners of war, and for anti-materiel purposes during armed conflict for many years. 66Shotgun munitions may include, for example, buckshot ammunition, flechette ammunition, nonlethalprojectiles, and breaching rounds.Breaching rounds are an anti-materiel munition designed to dislodge door hinges or doorlocks and are used to enable military forces to enter a room or building. As with other weaponsdesigned for anti-material use, the use of an anti-material round against enemy personnel is notprohibited. 67 For example, a breaching round may be used against an enemy combatant whoopens the door or appears in the doorway just as the door is about to be breached.6.5.4.3 Exploding Bullets. The use of exploding bullets, including use againstenemy personnel, is not prohibited by the law of war. For example, explosive bullets have beenlawfully used during armed conflict, against both enemy material and enemy combatants. 68Exploding bullets, like all weapons, however, are subject to the superfluous injury rule. 69For example, without a valid military reason, bullets that are specifically designed to explodewithin the human body would be prohibited, since a non-exploding bullet would be just aseffective and efficient at incapacitating an enemy combatant. 70effects of its present use, and in the light of a comparison of it with other weapons approved in warfare, the shotgunnow in use by the American Army cannot be the subject of legitimate or reasonable protest.”).65 Refer to § 6.5.6 (Fragmentation Weapons).66 For example, W. Hays Parks, Special Assistant for Law of War Matters, Office of The Judge Advocate General,U.S. Army, Joint Service Combat Shotgun Program, THE ARMY LAWYER 16, 17-18 (Oct. 1997) (“The combatshotgun or military rifle with a shotgun-type munition continued to be used in the United States. In the AmericanRevolution, General George Washington encouraged his troops to load their muskets with ‘buck and ball,’ a loadconsisting of one standard musket ball and three to six buckshot, in order to increase the probability of achieving ahit. … United States Air Force security police employed shotguns in base security operations in Saudi Arabia duringOperations Desert Shield and Desert Storm (1990-91) to protect them from attack by terrorists or Iraqi militaryunits, and some personnel in British armored units were armed with shotguns as individual weapons during thatconflict.”).67 Refer to § 6.3.1.1 (Using Weapons for Purposes Other Than Those for Which a Weapon or Tool Is Designed).68 For example, SPAIGHT, AIR POWER AND WAR RIGHTS 213 (“In the second world war projectiles of the kindreferred to [in the 1868 St. Petersburg Declaration] were freely used by all the belligerent air forces. The explosivebullet gave place to the small cannon shell, but the latter, fired normally from a gun of 20 mm. bore, was equallywithin the prohibited limit, since its weight was only 130 grammes as compared with the 400 grammes specified inthe Declaration. Cannon guns of 40 mm. were also mounted in aircraft and the projectiles were outside the ban.The incendiary bullets used were usually fired from machine guns with bores of .303 inch and .5 inch.”).69 Refer to § 6.6 (Weapons Calculated to Cause Superfluous Injury).70 For example, ULYSSES S. GRANT, I PERSONAL MEMOIRS OF U.S. GRANT 538 (1892) (“The enemy used in theirdefence explosive musket-balls, no doubt thinking that, bursting over our men in the trenches, they would do someexecution; but I do not remember a single case where a man was injured by a piece of one of these shells. Whenthey were hit and the ball exploded, the wound was terrible. In these cases a solid ball would have hit as well. Theiruse is barbarous, because they produce increased suffering without any corresponding advantage to those usingthem.”).322